1. Micronutrient Needs for Crops on the Southern Plains Dave Mengel Professor of Soil Fertility Kansas State University

2. The Essential Elements Carbon, Oxygen, Hydrogen Macronutrients N, P, K Secondary Nutrients Ca, Mg, S Micronutrient metals Fe, Zn, Mn, Cu, Ni Other micronutrients Cl, B, Mo

3. Micronutrient Metals Of the five micronutrient metals: Zinc deficiency is common on corn and grain sorghum Iron deficiency is common on corn, grain sorghum and soybeans Manganese deficiency is not common in the region, but is of interest due to reports of Manganese x glyphosate interactions in RR soybeans

4. Micronutrient Metals Of the five micronutrient metals: Copper is not a problem in the region, but recently “foreign experts” have been raising questions concerning potential Cu deficiencies in wheat. Nickel is of academic interest only at this time.

5. Zinc

6. Zinc: the most common micronutrient deficiency of corn in the region Deficiencies also are seen in sorghum, soybeans and pecans. Deficiencies in wheat and sunflowers are rare. A cofactor in many enzyme processes in plants, the exact role of the zinc in these reactions is generally not known. Zinc is generally immobile in the plant, and deficiency is commonly noted on the young tissue.

7. Zinc Multiple symptoms have been described for zinc deficiency, with some genotypes responding differently. In corn a stunting, yellowing at the whorl and intervienal striping is common. A stunting or rosetting and internode shortening of young seedlings with distinct white band on one side of the mid-rib is also common.

8. Zinc Deficient Corn

9. Where Zinc Deficiency is Seen Zinc is low in many soils across the region, and especially in areas of high pH, and where organic matter has been removed, such as eroded areas or land leveled fields.

10. Assessing Zinc Deficiency The DTPA Soil Test is commonly used for zinc The critical level ranges from 0.5 to 1 ppm Zn for most crops Levels 0-0.5 considered strongly deficient Applications are roughly 1 lb Zn per 0.1 ppm below the critical level

11. Correcting Zinc Deficiency Application of zinc can be by: Broadcast applications of a high percentage water soluble zinc source, such as zinc sulfate, oxysulfate or zinc chelate. Band application of these same products with starter fertilizers. Foliar application of zinc, especially on pecans and rice. Application of animal manure. Most manure contains large amounts of zinc

12. Iron Chlorosis

13. Iron in Plants Iron deficiency in field crops is common, especially on corn, soybeans, and sorghum. It is less common on wheat, but does occur. Iron is the most common micronutrient deficiency of turgrass and ornamentals in Kansas. Iron chlorosis occurs frequently on lawns in new developments or on golf greens built with unwashed river sand. Considerable difference exists between varieties in all crops. Corn and soybean varieties are screened for iron chlorosis. Iron is a structural component of cytochromes, hemes and other substances involved in oxidation- reduction reactions in photosynthesis and respiration.

14. Iron Deficiency Symptoms Iron is very immobile in plants, once deposited in tissue, iron is not easily remobilized to younger tissue. Deficiency symptoms are generally found in the youngest leaves on the plant. Young leaves develop an intervienal chlorosis that rapidly progresses over the entire leaf. This may include a bleaching of the veins and in severe cases the entire leaves will turn white.

15. Iron Chlorosis in Sorghum

16. Iron Chlorosis Corn

17. Iron Chlorosis

18. Iron Chlorosis in Wheat

19. Where Does Fe Chlorosis Occur? On high pH depressional soils Most commonly found in “spots” in the field In eroded spots or leveled areas.

20. Assessing Iron Deficiency The DTPA test is sometimes used, but it is not reliable pH and OM may be better indicators

21. Correcting Iron Deficiency Foliar applications of 2% ferrous sulfate May take multiple applications Band applications of 6-10 pounds soluble iron Animal manure Lowering pH works in home hort or turf, but too expensive for field applications

22. Manganese deficiency

23. Manganese in the Plant Manganese is involved in photosynthesis, particularly in the evolution of O2. It also is involved in a number of oxidation- reduction reactions and in decarboxiliation and hydrolysis reactions. In many plant reactions Mn and Mg can partially substitute for each other. May be a relationship with the RR gene in soybeans causing Mn deficiency

24. Manganese Deficiency Symptoms Like iron, Mn is very immobile in the plant and deficiency symptoms occur as intevienal chlorosis on young leaves. Manganese deficient leaves tend to maintain a greenish tint, unlike iron chlorosis where they turn yellow or bronze. Manganese deficiency is not common in the region, but occurs on high pH, high organic matter soils, found in the eastern cornbelt.

25. Mn and RR Soybeans Speculation that the RR gene has added a sensitivity to Mn deficiency. Reports and research in Indiana and Kansas. The yellow flashing which occurs after glyphosate application in some fields has been called Mn deficiency. Research with RR isolines suggest this could be the case, but likley on marginal Mn sites.

26. Manganese Deficiency Corn

27. Manganese Deficiency Soybeans

28. Manganese Deficiency Wheat

29. Assessing Mn Deficiency Mn Soil Tests Don’t Work pH and OM may be useful in deficient regions (eastern US)

30. Correcting Mn Deficiency Like iron, the soil contains large amounts on Mn, its an availability issue. Foliar application Band application Band apply an acid forming fertilizer (N)

31. Copper Deficiency

32. Where is Copper Deficiency Found? Deficiency is not found in the Southern Plains. It looks similar to drought or heat damage on wheat and has been some confusion recently It is common on organic soils in Canada and the Great Lakes region, and on organic soils or deep acid sands in the southeastern US, which have never received applications of copper as a fertilizer or as a fungicide. On extremely weathered oxisols or sands in tropical regions and Australia.

33. Copper in Plants Copper is involved in many complex enzyme systems where redox potential is critical. Examples include the enzymes involved in lignin and melanin production.

34. Copper Deficiency Symptoms Corn and wheat are the two commonly grown field crops most likely to be deficient in copper. Like most metals, copper is not very mobile in the plant, with deficiency symptoms occurring on the younger tissue. Copper deficiency results in a unique necrosis and twisting of the leaf tips of young seedlings. Copper is bound very strongly by soil organic matter..

35. Corn

36. Wheat

37. Correcting Copper Deficiency Broadcast applications of 5 pounds Cu, 20 pounds Copper sulfate per acre. Good residual effects. Foliar applications of 1-2 pounds Copper sulfate per acre.

38. Nickel Recently confirmed as an essential element. Only one field deficiency ever found. Primarily of academic interest.

39. Micronutrient: Non-metals Of the three non-metals: Boron deficiency occurs rarely on alfalfa in SE KS and Oklahoma and on peanuts in OK Old research found Mo deficiencies on soybeans in SE KS Recent reports suggest Mo deficiency may occur on soybeans in Central Kansas also. Chloride response occurs frequently on wheat, sorghum and corn in NE and Central KS where no potash has been applied.

40. Boron

41. Boron Deficiency Since B is involved in cell division, deficiency symptoms are cessation of growth at the terminal bud, followed by yellowing and death of young leaves. Severely impaired fruit and seed set are late season symptoms on many crops. Boron deficiency is commonly confused with potato leaf hopper damage in alfalfa

42. Where Boron Deficiency is Seen In Kansas, boron deficiency is occasionally seen on alfalfa, primarily in SE Kansas. There have been reports of boron response in corn and sunflower in Nebraska, cotton in Missouri, and peanut in Oklahoma.

43. Boron Deficient Alfalfa

44. Boron Deficiency in Corn

45. Boron Toxicity Corn Soybeans

46. Assessing Boron Deficiency A hot water soluble soil test is sometimes used for boron. However it is not well correlated with plant growth, so is not recommended. Plant analysis is the preferred diagnostic method. Since B deficiency is easily confused with leafhopper damage, and B toxicity can be a problem, care should be used when applying boron

47. Correcting Boron Deficiency Boron is highly toxic to germinating seeds of corn and soybeans. Boron fertilizers should never be applied as a "starter fertilizer" in or near the row at planting time.. Application of boron can be by: Broadcast applications of 1-2 pounds of B as granular borate. Foliar application of 0.1-0.5 pounds soluble borate.

48. Chloride

49. Background Chlorine has been generally accepted as an essential element since 1954. Responses to chloride fertilization have been reported since the 1800’s. Chloride plays many roles in plant nutrition, but role in disease suppression, especially leaf rust in wheat and stalk rot in sorghum and corn, sparked interest in chloride in Kansas. Yield responses to potash on high K soils also sparked interest in other states in the plains.

50. Chloride Fertilization of Wheat in Kansas Some of the first chloride work reported in Kansas was done in the early to mid 1980’s by Larry Bonczkowski comparing KCl to fungicides on leaf rust suppression. Mark Hooker at Garden City, and Ray Lamond in Manhattan followed that up with work on yield response to chloride on wheat in the mid-80’s. Ray Lamond also screened wheat varieties for differences in response/sensitivity to chloride.

51. RESPONSE OF WHEAT TO CHLORIDE FERTILIZATION IN KANSAS, 1990-2006. _______________________________________________ Chloride applied Grain Yield Percent Chloride lbs Cl - /acre bu/A in leaf at boot _______________________________________________ 0 48.4 b0.29 c 10 51.7 a0.38 b 20 52.5 a0.43 a LSD 0.05 1.3 0.03 n 34 30 _______________________________________________

54. Sorghum: 1996 to date Unlike wheat, no visual chloride deficiency symptoms have been described on sorghum. There appears to be a relationship in sorghum between chloride nutrition and stalk quality. The first chloride studies on sorghum were conducted by Lamond in 1996. 23 chloride response trials on dryland sorghum have been reported, by several people, primarily in central Kansas.

55. Response of dryland grain sorghum to applied chloride fertilizer in Kansas, 1996-2006. ________________________________________________________ Chloride applied Grain YieldPercent Chloride in leaf lb Cl-/acre Bu/A at boot, percent ________________________________________________________ 0 98.5 b0.10 c 20 108.2 a0.24 b 40 109.9 a0.33 c LSD 0.05 2.40.05 n 20 11 ________________________________________________________

56. Corn: 1996 to 2001 Like sorghum, no visual chloride deficiency symptoms have been described on corn. There appears to be a relationship in corn between chloride nutrition and stalk quality. The first chloride studies on corn were conducted by Lamond in 1996. Only 11 chloride response trials on dryland corn have been reported, all in central Kansas.

57. Response of dryland corn to applied chloride fertilizer in Kansas, 1990-2001. ____________________________________________________________ Chloride applied Grain YieldPercent Chloride lb Cl-/acre Bu/A in earleaf at tassel ____________________________________________________________ 0 104.4 b0.17 c 20 108.9 a0.27 b 40 111.6 a0.36 c LSD 0.05 3.40.05 n 11 11 ____________________________________________________________

58. Soil test chloride interpretations and fertilizer recommendations for Kansas. ____________________________________________________________ Soil Chloride in a 0-24" sampleCl Recommended* Category lb/acre ppm lb/acre ____________________________________________________________ Low <30 <4 20 Medium 30-45 4-6 10 High > 45 >6 0 ____________________________________________________________ *Recommendations for corn, sorghum and wheat only.

59. Molybdenum

60. Molybdenum in Plants Molybdenum is involved in the nitrate reductase and nitrogenase systems in plants. Plants require very low levels of Mo. In legumes, enough molybdenum can be present in the seed to meet the needs of the plant. But subsequent generations may need additional molybdenum.

61. Molybdenum Deficiency Symptoms Molybdenum deficient plants appear stunted, light green and N deficient.

62. Molybdenum

63. Where Does Molybdenum Deficiency Occur? On low pH, weathered soils in SE and SC Kansas. Molybdenum deficiency is not common in Kansas, but occurs most frequently on old, highly weathered acid soils. Recent reports suggest low molybdenum in seed may be contributing to Mo deficiencies under high pH.

64. Assessing Molybdenum Deficiency No reliable soil test is currently available. Soil pH and seed molybdenum may be better indicators of molybdenum needs. Plant analysis is a good diagnostic tool.

65. Correcting Molybdenum Deficiency Liming Seed treatment with 1-2 ounces of ammonium molybdate. Foliar applications of ammonium molybdate of 2-4ounces per acre. Due to the toxic nature of molybdenum to ruminant animals, molybdenum fertilization is normally not recommended.

66. Questions?