1. Biology 181: Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1
Heartland Community College
Biology 181: Anatomy & Physiology I Chapter 1
Verona A. Barr
Prof. of Biology
Math & Science Division

2. Opening Day… Welcome! Contact/Website Information Syllabus
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3. Success Tips… Hole’s 12th Edition Text has available:
Student Study Guide
MediaPhys CD
Anatomy & Physiology Revealed CD (available at the HCC bookstore)
Text Website
Know how to use the text… xxi to xxvii.
Read the text BEFORE class!!

4. Chapter 1 Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Hole’s Human Anatomy and Physiology Twelfth Edition Shier w Butler w Lewis
Chapter 1
Introduction to Human Anatomy & Physiology
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.

5. 1.1: Introduction
Questions and observations that have led to knowledge.
Knowledge about structure and function of the human body.

6. “The complementarity of structure and function.”
1.2: Anatomy & Physiology
Anatomy – the study of the structure of the human body
Physiology – the study of the function of the human body
“The complementarity of structure and function.”

7. Anatomy and Physiology
Anatomy – study of structure
(Greek – “a cutting up”)
Physiology – study of function
(Greek – “relationship to nature”)
“Structure dictates function.”

8. 1.3: Levels of Organization
Subatomic Particles – electrons, protons, and neutrons
Atom – hydrogen atom, lithium atom, etc.
Molecule – water molecule, glucose molecule, etc.
Macromolecule – protein molecule, DNA molecule, etc.
Organelle – mitochondrion, Golgi apparatus, nucleus, etc.
Cell – muscle cell, nerve cell, etc.
Tissue – epithelia, connective, muscle and nerve
Organ – skin, femur, heart, kidney, etc.
Organ System – skeletal system, digestive system, etc.
Organism – the human

9. Subatomic particles Atom Molecule Macromolecule Fig. 1.3a
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Subatomic particles
Fig. 1.3a
Atom
Molecule
Macromolecule

10. Fig. 1.3b
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Organelle

11. Fig. 1.3c
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Cell

12. Fig. 1.3d
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Tissue

13. Fig. 1.3e
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14. Fig. 1.3f
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Organ system

15. Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.3g
Organism

16. Levels of Organization
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Subatomic particles
Atom
Organ system
Molecule
Macromolecule
Organ
Organelle
Organism
Cell
Tissue

17. Can you name the organ systems? There are eleven (11).
Levels of Organization
Can you name the organ systems? There are eleven (11).
Can you name one function of each organ system?

18. Organ Systems Integumentary system
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Integumentary system

19. Organ Systems Skeletal system Muscular system
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Skeletal system
Muscular system

20. Organ Systems Nervous system Endocrine system
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Nervous system
Endocrine system

21. Organ Systems Cardiovascular system Lymphatic system
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Cardiovascular system
Lymphatic system

22. Organ Systems Digestive system Respiratory system Urinary system
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Digestive system
Respiratory system
Urinary system

23. Organ Systems Male reproductive system Female reproductive system
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Male reproductive system
Female reproductive system

24. 1.4: Characteristics of Life (10)
Movement – change in position; motion
Responsiveness – reaction to a change
Growth – increase in body size; no change in shape
Reproduction – production of new organisms and new cells
Respiration – obtaining oxygen; removing carbon dioxide; releasing energy from foods

25. Characteristics of Life Continued
Digestion – breakdown of food substances into simpler forms
Absorption – passage of substances through membranes and into body fluids
Circulation – movement of substances in body fluids
Assimilation – changing of absorbed substances into chemically different forms
Excretion – removal of wastes produced by metabolic reactions

26. 1.5: Maintenance of Life
Life depends on five (5) environmental factors:
Water
Food
Oxygen
Heat
Pressure

27. Requirements of Organisms
Water
- most abundant substance in body
- required for metabolic processes
- required for transport of substances
- regulates body temperature
Food
- provides necessary nutrients
- supplies energy
- supplies raw materials

28. Requirements of Organisms
Oxygen (gas)
- one-fifth of air
- used to release energy from nutrients
Heat
- form of energy
- partly controls rate of metabolic reactions
Pressure
- application of force on an object
- atmospheric pressure – important for breathing
- hydrostatic pressure – keeps blood flowing

29. * Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostasis*
* Maintaining of a stable internal environment
Homeostatic Control Mechanisms – monitors aspects of the internal environment and corrects as needed. Variations are within limits. There are three (3) parts:
Receptor - provides information about the stimuli
Control Center - tells what a particular value should be (called the set point)
Effector - elicits responses that change conditions in the internal environment

30. Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.)
Fig. 1.6b
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Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors

31. Control center (set point) (Change is compared to the set point.)
Fig. 1.6c
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Effectors
(muscles or glands)

32. Effectors (muscles or glands) Response (Change is corrected.)
Fig. 1.6d
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

33. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
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Control center
(set point)
(Change is compared
to the set point.)
Receptors
Effectors
(muscles or glands)
Stimulus
(Change occurs
in internal
environment.)
Response
(Change is corrected.)

34. signals effector organs.
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Fig. 1.8a
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
Temperature
37°C (98.6°F)

35. Fig. 1.8b Normal body temperature 37°C (98.6°F) too low Stimulus
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Fig. 1.8b
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
Activity
Generates
body heat.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
involuntarily.

36. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood vessels
dilate and sweat glands
secrete.
Stimulus
Body temperature
rises above normal.
Response
Body heat is lost to
surroundings, temperature
drops toward normal.
too high
Normal body
temperature
37°C (98.6°F)
too low
Stimulus
Body temperature
drops below normal.
Response
Body heat is conserved,
temperature rises toward normal.
Receptors
Thermoreceptors
send signals to the
control center.
Effectors
Skin blood
vessels constrict
and sweat glands
remain inactive.
Effectors
Muscle
activity
generates
body heat.
Control center
The hypothalamus
detects the deviation
from the set point and
signals effector organs.
If body temperature
continues to drop,
control center signals
muscles to contract
Involuntarily.

37. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
There are two (2) types:
Negative feedback mechanisms
Positive feedback mechanisms

38. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Negative feedback summary:
Prevents sudden, severe changes in the body
Reduces the actions of the effectors
Corrects the set point
Causes opposite of bodily disruption to occur, ie, ‘negates’ the change
Limits chaos in the body by creating stability
Most common type of feedback loop
Examples: body temperature, blood pressure & glucose regulation

39. Homeostatic Control Mechanisms
Positive feedback summary:
Increases (accelerates) the actions of the body, ie, ‘positively’ adds to or continues the change
Produces more instability in the body
Produces more chaos in the body
There are only a few types necessary for our survival
Positive feedback mechanisms are short-lived
Controls only infrequent events that do not require continuous adjustments
Considered to be the uncommon loop
Examples: blood clotting and child birth

40. Animation: Positive and Negative Feedback
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41. 1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Body cavities
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Cranial cavity
Cranial cavity V
ertebral canal
Vertebral canal
Right pleural
cavity
Mediastinum
Thoracic
cavity
Thoracic cavity
Thoracic cavity
Left pleural cavity
Pericardial
cavity
Diaphragm
Diaphragm
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Abdominal
cavity
Abdominopelvic
cavity
Pelvic cavity
Pelvic cavity
(b)
(a)

42. Cranial cavity Frontal sinuses Sphenoidal sinus Orbital cavities
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Fig. 1.10
Cranial cavity
Frontal sinuses
Sphenoidal sinus
Orbital cavities
Middle ear cavity
Nasal cavity
Oral cavity

43. Thoracic & Abdominal Serous Membranes
Visceral layer – covers an organ
Parietal layer – lines a cavity or body wall
Thoracic Membranes
Visceral pleura
Parietal pleura
Visceral pericardium
Parietal pericardium
Abdominopelvic Membranes
Parietal peritoneum
Visceral peritoneum
Parietal perineum
Visceral perineum

44. Thoracic Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Plane of
section
Vertebra
Spinal cord
Mediastinum
Azygos v.
Aorta
Left lung
Esophagus
Right lung
Rib
Right atrium
of heart
Left ventricle
of heart
Right ventricle
of heart
Visceral pleura
Visceral pericardium
Pleural cavity
Pericardial cavity
Parietal pleura
Anterior
Parietal pericardium
Sternum
Fibrous pericardium

45. Abdominal Serous Membranes
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Spinal cord V
ertebra
Plane of
section
Right kidney
Aorta
Left
kidney
Inferior
vena cava
Spleen
Pancreas
Large
intestine
Small intestine
Large intestine
Liver
Rib
Gallbladder
Duodenum
Costal cartilage
Visceral peritoneum
Stomach
Peritoneal cavity
Anterior
Parietal peritoneum

46. 1.7: Lifespan Changes
Aging occurs from the microscopic level to the whole-body level.
Can you think of some examples?

47. 1.8: Anatomical Terminology
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Anatomical Position – standing erect, facing forward, upper limbs at the sides, palms facing forward and thumbs out
Integumentary system

48. Anatomical Terminology: Orientation and Directional Terms
Terms of Relative Position (based on anatomical position):
Superior versus Inferior
Anterior versus Posterior
Medial versus Lateral
Ipsi-lateral versus Contra-lateral
Proximal versus Distal (only in the extremities)
Superficial versus Deep
Internal versus External

49. Fig. 1.20a Midline Right Left Superior Proximal Medial Lateral Distal
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Midline
Fig. 1.20a
Right
Left
Superior
Proximal
Medial
Lateral
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal

50. Fig. 1.20b Anterior ( V entral) Posterior (Dorsal)
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Fig. 1.20b
Anterior ( V
entral)
Posterior
(Dorsal)

51. Fig. 1.20 Midline Right Left Superior Proximal Medial Lateral Anterior
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Midline
Fig. 1.20
Right
Left
Superior
Proximal
Medial
Lateral
Anterior
Posterior
(Ventral)
(Dorsal)
Distal
Proximal
Inferior
Distal

52. Body Sections or Planes (3)
Sagittal or Median – divides body into left and right portions
Mid-sagittal – divides body into equal left and right portions
Transverse or Horizontal – divides body into superior and inferior portions
Coronal or Frontal – divides body into anterior and posterior portions

53. © McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer
Body Sections
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Median
(midsagittal)
plane
Parasagittal
plane
Transverse
(horizontal)
plane
A section along the
median plane
NEW FIGURE 12.1
A section along a transverse
plane
Frontal
(coronal)
plane
A section along a frontal
plane
© McGraw-Hill Higher Education, Inc./Joe De Grandis, photographer

54. Body Sections (a) (b) (c)
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(a)
(b)
(c)
a: © Patrick J. Lynch/Photo Researchers, Inc.; b: © Biophoto Associates/Photo Researchers, Inc.; c: © A. Glauberman/Photo Researchers, Inc.

55. Other Body Sections (a) (b) (c)
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(a)
(b)
(c)

56. Abdominal Subdivisions (2)
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Regions (9)
Right
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Right
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Left
lumbar
region
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
(a)
Quadrants (4)
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(b)

57. Umbilical region Hypogastric region
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Fig. 1.24a
Right
hypochondriac
region
Left
hypochondriac
region
Epigastric
region
Right
lumbar
region
Left
lumbar
region
Umbilical
region
Right
iliac
region
Left
iliac
region
Hypogastric
region
(a)

58. Right upper quadrant (RUQ) Left upper quadrant (LUQ) Right lower
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Fig. 1.24b
Right upper
quadrant (RUQ)
Left upper
quadrant (LUQ)
Right lower
quadrant (RLQ)
Left lower
quadrant (LLQ)
(b)

59. Body Regions
Copyright © The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. Permission required for reproduction or display.
Cephalic (head)
Frontal (forehead)
Otic (ear)
Orbital (eye cavity)
Nasal (nose)
Occipital
(back of head)
Oral (mouth)
Buccal (cheek)
Cervical (neck)
Mental (chin)
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Sternal
Acromial
(point of shoulder)
Pectoral
(chest)
Axillary (armpit)
Vertebral
(spinal column)
Mammary (breast)
Brachial (arm)
Brachial
(arm)
Dorsum (back)
Umbilical
(navel)
Antecubital
(front of elbow)
Cubital (elbow)
Abdominal
(abdomen)
Inguinal
(groin)
Lumbar
(lower back)
Antebrachial
(forearm)
Sacral (between hips)
Coxal
(hip)
Gluteal (buttocks)
Carpal (wrist)
Perineal
Palmar (palm)
Digital (finger)
Femoral (thigh)
Genital
(reproductive organs)
Patellar
(front of knee)
Popliteal (back of knee)
Sural (calf)
Crural (leg) T
arsal (instep)
Pedal (foot)
Digital (toe)
Plantar (sole)
(a)
(b)

60. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed
1.1: Introduction
Identify some of the early discoveries that lead to our current understanding of the human body.
1.2: Anatomy and Physiology
Define anatomy and physiology and explain how they are related.
1.3: Levels of Organization
List the levels of organization in the human body and the characteristics of each.
1.4: Characteristics of Life
List and describe the major characteristics of life.
Define and give examples of metabolism.

61. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
1.5: Maintenance of Life
List and describe the major requirements of organisms.
Define homeostasis and explain its importance to survival.
Describe the parts of a homeostatic mechanism and explain how they function together.
1.6: Organization of the Human Body
Identify the locations of the major body cavities.
List the organs located in each major body cavity.
Name and identify the locations of the membranes associated with the thoracic and abdominopelvic cavities.

62. Important Points in Chapter 1: Outcomes to be Assessed Continued
Name the major organ systems and list the organs associated with each.
Describe the general function of each organ system.
1.7: Lifespan Changes
Define aging.
Identify the levels of organization in the body at which aging occurs.
1.8: Anatomical Terminology
Properly use the terms that describe relative positions, body sections, and body regions. (To be assessed in Lab, only)