1. Section 16.4 Double Integrals In Polar Coordinates

2. Thus far when we have integrated over a region R, we have used rectangular coordinates There may be situations where it is easier to use polar coordinates to define R If a region R or curve C is symmetric with respect to the origin (or part of such a region/curve), then polar coordinates may be a simpler description of the region or curve Where rectangular coordinates require the horizontal and vertical distance from the origin, polar coordinates require the distance from the origin and the angle between the ray the point lies on and the positive side of the horizontal axis

3. Suppose P is the indicated point in the xy-plane Then What are the rectangular coordinates given by (5,π/6)? What are the polar coordinates given by (-4, 5). P(x,y) = P(r,θ) x y r θ

4. Write the following regions in both rectangular and polar form x y (5,0) (0,5) 4 { 2 {

5. Converting our Integral We need Now g(r,θ) = f(rcosθ, rsinθ) What about dA? Just as dA in rectangular coordinates is made up of a rectangular grid, dA in polar coordinates is made up of a polar grid

6. Recall area of a sector x y θ r Using this info let’s see how we can figure out dA

7. Computing Polar Integrals So to compute polar integrals we have Giving us

8. Example Find the volume of a cylinder of radius a and height h Find the volume under the plane z = x and above the disk of radius 3 bounded by x ≥ 0 using both rectangular and polar coordinates Let’s take a look at an example with Maple