1. COEN 252 Computer Forensics
Forensic Duplication of Hard Drives

2. Forensics Duplicates as Admissible Evidence
Federal Rules of Evidence §1002 requires an original to prove the content of a writing, record, or photograph.
Follows from the best evidence rule: Copying can introduce errors.

3. Forensics Duplicates as Admissible Evidence
F.R.E. §1001 (3)
If data are stored in a computer or similar device, any printout or other output readable by sight, shown to reflect the data accurately, is an "original".

4. Forensics Duplicates as Admissible Evidence
Federal Rules of Evidence § 1003
A duplicate is admissible to the same extent as an original unless (1) a genuine question is raised to the authenticity of the original or (2) in the circumstances it would be unfair to admit the duplicate in lieu of the original.

5. Forensics Duplicates as Admissible Evidence
As familiarity with digital data increases, behavior of the judicial system will increase in rationality.

6. Reasons for Forensics Duplication
The examination can destroy evidence inadvertently.
The original computer system might only be available for capturing.

7. Definition of Forensic Duplication
Able to produce identical byte stream from duplicate as from the original.

8. Definitions
Forensic Duplicate: File that contains every bit of information from the source in a raw bitstream format.
Qualified Duplicate: Same as above, but allows embedded metadata or certain types of compression.

9. Definitions
Restored Image: A forensic duplicate or qualified forensic duplicate restored to another storage medium.
Difficult to do if second hard drive does not have the same geometry as the previous one.

10. Definitions Mirror Image
created from hardware that does a bit-to-bit copy from one hard drive to another.
Issue with disk and file system metadata such as boot sectors.

11. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
Hardware Mirroring.
Can be done in the field.

12. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
Hardware Imager
Creates forensic duplicate from suspect drive to evidence drive
Sector by Sector Copy
Needs
(Integrated) Write Blocker
Verification of copy
MD5, SHA1 of complete copy
Logging of results
Deal with operation errors
Confusion between suspect and evidence drive

13. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
Current and Future Issues
Large data size
Read errors become more likely
Storage crosses devices
RAID Level 5, 6
Need for acquisition from a life system

14. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
Software tools: Unix dd
Tested and proven.
Runs on Unix/Linux/Mac OS X which can recognize almost any hardware.
Free.

15. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
Software tools: Encase
Expensive.
Full Suite of Forensics Tools.
Great Market Penetration.
Based on Windows, which can be a problem, since Windows might “discover” a drive connected to the system.

16. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
Software Tools: Safeback
Specialized Imaging Tool.
Uses DOS
Target Drive needs FAT 32.

17. Creating a Forensics Duplicate of a Hard Drive
FTK
Drive Duplication tool included in the Forensic Tool Kit

18. Write-blocking
Software or hardware tool that prevents writes to a disk.
Software tools are hard to validate.
All forensics tools need to be validated before use.
Manufacturers offer expert testimony when tools are challenged
Forensics institutes publish test results
Test images at Purdue
Examiners might to do some testing as well.
Publication in peer-reviewed journals increases value of testimony

19. Write-blocking Hardware write blocking
Simple device put between the disk and the interface.
Allows acknowledgments of writes to the system on which the drive is mounted, but does not write.
Easy to validate by design and experiment

20. Write-blocking Hardware write blocking
Use hardware write blocking devices as a standard means to prevent overwriting evidence when making a forensic duplicate
Keep a variety of hardware blockers around because they do not always work.
(System does not recognize drive).

21. Equipment Needs Set of write blockers Set of cables, converters, …
Forensics portable (usually not laptop) for software acquisition
Hardware duplicator

22. NIST http://www.cftt.nist.gov/
Digital Data Acquisition Tool Test Assertions and Test Plan
Digital Data Acquisition Tool Specification
Disk Imaging Specifications 3.1.6
The top-level disk imaging tool requirements are the following:
The tool shall make a bit-stream duplicate or an image of an original disk or partition.
The tool shall not alter the original disk.
The tool shall be able to verify the integrity of a disk image file.
The tool shall log I/O errors.
The tool’s documentation shall be correct.