1. Northern Ireland Protestants Vs. Catholics Conflict in Multi-Ethnic Societies

6. Background During the 1100s, Ireland was a united countryDuring the 1100s, Ireland was a united country Subsequently it was conquered by England in the 1200sSubsequently it was conquered by England in the 1200s The Irish Catholics who stayed behind were given the less fertile landThe Irish Catholics who stayed behind were given the less fertile land English landlords brought in Protestant Scottish and English settlers into the northern parts of Ireland and pushed out the local Catholic farmersEnglish landlords brought in Protestant Scottish and English settlers into the northern parts of Ireland and pushed out the local Catholic farmers

7. Background Northern Ireland became predominantly ProtestantNorthern Ireland became predominantly Protestant King James II (Catholic) came to the throne and tried to defeat the ProtestantsKing James II (Catholic) came to the throne and tried to defeat the Protestants He failed and was defeated by King William of Orange in the Battle of Boyne in 1690He failed and was defeated by King William of Orange in the Battle of Boyne in 1690

10. Background Penal Laws were implemented against the Catholics by the Protestants to ensure that they had complete control of IrelandPenal Laws were implemented against the Catholics by the Protestants to ensure that they had complete control of Ireland –No Catholic can buy land –No Catholic shall be allowed to vote –No Catholic can join the army –No Catholic may receive higher education

11. Background In 1800, Ireland became part of the United Kingdom (England)In 1800, Ireland became part of the United Kingdom (England) In the late 1800s, local Irish Catholics sought limited self-government known as Home RuleIn the late 1800s, local Irish Catholics sought limited self-government known as Home Rule Hostilities continued and were so bad that Britain lost control of the southern part of IrelandHostilities continued and were so bad that Britain lost control of the southern part of Ireland

13. Background In 1921, Ireland was divided into 2 separate parts, based on majority religionIn 1921, Ireland was divided into 2 separate parts, based on majority religion –Northern Ireland (which was predominantly Protestant) –Southern Ireland (Irish Free State) Had their own parliament but consulted the English monarchy regarding foreign affairsHad their own parliament but consulted the English monarchy regarding foreign affairs

14. Background The Catholics in the North were treated very unfairly by the governmentThe Catholics in the North were treated very unfairly by the government In 1949, the Irish Free State cut ties with Britain and became the Republic of IrelandIn 1949, the Irish Free State cut ties with Britain and became the Republic of Ireland

16. Background Before 1972Before 1972 –Northern Ireland had its own parliament in Stormont Since 1972Since 1972 –Northern Ireland has been ruled directly by the British parliament in London –Northern Ireland is in charge of commerce, health and education –Ministers are predominantly protestant

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18. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Catholics and Protestants see themselves as 2 different groupsCatholics and Protestants see themselves as 2 different groups Lack of common identity prevents understanding and co-operation between the 2 groups. (This shows that Lack of Common Identity is the UNDERLYING CAUSE)Lack of common identity prevents understanding and co-operation between the 2 groups. (This shows that Lack of Common Identity is the UNDERLYING CAUSE) Religious differences cause tension BUT ARE NOT a cause of conflictReligious differences cause tension BUT ARE NOT a cause of conflict

19. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties Unequal Allocation of HousingUnequal Allocation of Housing Unequal Employment OpportunitiesUnequal Employment Opportunities Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionLack of Opportunities for Social Interaction

20. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties –Most Protestants see themselves as British and do not want a union with the Republic of Ireland as they fear a Catholic government would not tolerate them and their beliefs

21. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties –Catholics see themselves as Irish and want to be reunited with the Republic of Ireland –Catholics are also resentful of the history of English conquest where Catholics were killed or ill-treated

22. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Divided LoyaltiesDivided Loyalties –Loyalty to different countries makes the Catholics and Protestants intolerant of each other

23. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Unequal Allocation of HousingUnequal Allocation of Housing –Provision of housing by city councils –Public houses are partly subsidized –Housing councils are predominantly Protestant –Large Catholic families have to wait for a long time to get houses –Catholics are frustrated by the long wait

26. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Unequal Employment OpportunitiesUnequal Employment Opportunities –Competition for jobs –Difficult for Catholics to get jobs in the civil service –Unequal employment opportunities for the Catholics despite having similar academic qualifications –The Catholics felt resentful and frustrated because they had no chance of having a bright future and supporting their families

27. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights –Before 1969, voting rights were a problem because: Only those who owned houses and businesses were entitled to vote in the electionsOnly those who owned houses and businesses were entitled to vote in the elections Each household was given 2 votes while business owners were given more votes based on the number of staff they hadEach household was given 2 votes while business owners were given more votes based on the number of staff they had

28. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights –Before 1969, voting rights were a problem because: As the Protestants were richer and had bigger businesses, the Catholics lost outAs the Protestants were richer and had bigger businesses, the Catholics lost out Voting districts were also drawn up to include more ProtestantsVoting districts were also drawn up to include more Protestants

29. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Voting RightsLack of Voting Rights –Since 1969, the system is fairer: Everyone has a vote:Everyone has a vote: –if he or she is a British citizen –Was born in Northern Ireland –Lived in the UK for 7 years Voting districts were re-drawn to ensure fairnessVoting districts were re-drawn to ensure fairness

32. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionLack of Opportunities for Social Interaction –Fully funded public schools for Protestants only and partially-funded private schools for Catholics only –Integrated schools set up by private individuals only attract about 5% of the total school-going population of Northern Ireland

33. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionLack of Opportunities for Social Interaction –Protestant children are taught British history and play British sports like rugby, hockey and cricket –They are loyal to the British and sing the British national anthem –Nothing about the Catholics or the history of Northern Ireland is taught from a neutral perspective

34. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionLack of Opportunities for Social Interaction –Catholic children are taught Irish history and play Irish sports like hurling and are taught the Irish language and culture –They are loyal to the Republic of Ireland and see Britain as a foreign country –Nothing about the Protestants or the history of Northern Ireland is taught from a neutral perspective

39. Causes of Conflict in Northern Ireland Lack of Opportunities for Social InteractionLack of Opportunities for Social Interaction –Catholics and Protestants live in separate residential areas –Opportunities for social interaction are reduced

40. Homework “The Irish conflict is mainly caused by a lack of social interaction”. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [12m]“The Irish conflict is mainly caused by a lack of social interaction”. How far do you agree with this statement? Explain your answer. [12m] Remember to give social interaction as the GF and 2OFsRemember to give social interaction as the GF and 2OFs Weigh your lack of social interaction factor against the MAIN CAUSE of the conflictWeigh your lack of social interaction factor against the MAIN CAUSE of the conflict Is it more important? Less important?Is it more important? Less important?