1. 2.04 fashion centers, designers, and market categories.

2. Major fashion centers (don’t write these down  )
New York City
Los Angeles
Atlanta
Chicago
Dallas
Miami
Seattle
Paris
Milan
Florence
Rome
London

3. 1. New York City, New York Largest fashion marketing center in U.S.
“Seventh Avenue garment district” in Manhattan
Permanent manufacturer showrooms from U.S. and the world
Most production jobs have been lost to other countries with cheaper labor. Some production jobs exist in Chinatown, Queens, and Brooklyn.

4. New York City, New York (cont.)
Fashion weeks sponsored by the Council of Fashion Designers of America (CFDA)
Formed corporation called 7th on Sixth, Inc. to centralize runway shows
Shows held in tents in Bryant Park

5. 2. Los Angeles, California
CaliforniaMart is the largest fashion and textile facility in the U.S.
An 82-block garment district includes designers, wholesalers, manufacturers, and patternmakers.
Hosts a fashion week five times a year
Primarily serves the West coast**

6. 4. Chicago, Illinois: central states 5. Dallas, Texas
3. Atlanta, Georgia
AmericasMart
Primarily serves southeast
4. Chicago, Illinois: central states
5. Dallas, Texas
International Apparel Mart
Primarily serves central states
***Known for evening, bridal, and western fashion

7. 6. Miami, Florida 7. Seattle, Washington
World’s largest swimwear show***
Wholesale center for the Americas
7. Seattle, Washington

8. Paris, France World fashion leader
Shows attract over 40,000 visitors and 1,100 exhibitors from 30 countries
***Prêt-à-porter Paris® shows twice a year at the same times as mass-produced lines but at different locations. “French ready-to-wear”

9. Paris, France (cont.)
Haute couture businesses are located in city “fashion houses” rather than in commercial buildings.
Haute couture designers must belong to Chambre Syndicale. The couturier (or couturiére if female) must be recognized as talented and successful to become a member.
Chambre Syndicale: The trade association for top designers, which is governed by the French Department of Industry.

10. Paris, France (Cont.) Chambre Syndicale
Sets qualifications for couture houses and requirements for collection showings
Sponsors a school to educate apprentices
Coordinates dates of showings

11. Paris, France (cont.) Louis Vuitton Moët Hennessy (LMVH)
French luxury goods conglomerate
Christian Dior SA is the parent company.
Owns about 50 brands. Examples: LaCroix, Celine, Givenchy, Donna Karan, Guerlain (perfumes), and Sephora (cosmetics)
Buys and sells brands based on the profit potential

12. ITALY ***Alta moda: The high fashion industry in Italy.
Rome is the center for couture.
Milan is the center for high-quality ready-to-wear.
Florence is known for lower-priced ready-to-wear, menswear, children’s wear, and knitwear.
Main collections are shown in fashion fairs prior to the French showings.
ITALY

13. GREAT BRITAIN London is the major fashion center.
Bond Street is the creative center.
British Fashion Council (BFC)
Fashion week twice a year
Top ready-to-wear designers belong to a co-op association called London Designer Collections.

14. Fashion Design Terminology
**Collection: The total merchandise in a designer’s or apparel manufacturer’s seasonal presentation, especially for high-priced garments.
Couture: high fashion clothing created by designers
Couturier (koo-tour-i-er): A male high fashion designer.
Fashion designer: One who creates or adapts clothing and accessory designs for manufacturers, retailers, or individual clients.

15. **Fashion piracy: Stealing design ideas.
Fashion seasons: Distinct retail selling periods in fashion marketing.
Garment district: The area in a fashion center where most of the apparel companies are located.
Haute couture (hoat koo-tour’): The name for the high fashion designer industry of France; high-fashion, individually designed, original garments.

16. Alta moda: The name for the high fashion industry in Italy.
Licensing: A legal arrangement granting a manufacturer the exclusive right to produce and market goods that bear the name of a famous person.
**Line: A collection of styles offered by a manufacturer or designer.
Prêt-a-porter (prêt-a-por-tay’): French term for ready-to-wear**.

17. Private label: Merchandise developed for a given store and displaying that store’s label; found in better, moderate, and budget price market categories.
Ready-to-wear: Apparel mass produced in factories to standard size measurements.

18. Basic types of designers
1. Couture: high fashion clothing designer
2. **Stylist: One who designs by changing or adapting designs of others
Makes lower-priced merchandise
Creations made during the rise stage of the fashion cycle
Primarily designs for manufacturers like The Gap, The Limited, and Guess
3. **Freelance designer: An independent designer who sells sketches to manufacturers.

19. Women’s Apparel Price market categories
**1. Designer (Couture)
Category now almost extinct due to the extremely small market
Original, high-priced fashion custom-made for a very few individuals
One-of-a-kind extreme styles, avante-garde
Luxurious, expensive fabrics and trims with intricate details
Sold through the designer’s salon
VERY expensive; generates no profit

20. 2. Bridge Has almost replaced the couture category
Secondary lines of well-known couture designers
Have the designer’s label
Most expensive ready-to-wear
Limited editions, small quantities offered for sale
Expensive fabrics with fine details

21. Bridge Sell for many hundreds of dollars, maybe as much as $5,000
Sold in fashionable dress shops and upscale department stores like Neiman Marcus, Sak’s, Nordstrom’s, and Bergdorf Goodman

22. 3. Better
Have a firm label rather than a designer’s name. Example: Jones of New York, Liz Claiborne
Ready-to-wear produced in larger quantities
Reasonable prices
High quality

23. Better
Found in specialty stores and department stores. Examples: Macy’s, Marshall Field, and Lord & Taylor .

24. 4. Moderate
Well-known and nationally-advertised brand labels. ***Examples: Jantzen, Gap, and Wrangler
Lesser-known or unknown designers work for the manufacturer.
Many items inspired by designer creations
Widely available and worn by the majority of America

25. Moderate Medium-priced merchandise
High volume sales and higher price margins
Sold primarily through department, chain, or specialty stores

26. 5. Budget/Discount Lowest priced category Created by stylists
**Knockoffs: Copies of higher-priced items.
Mass produced in less expensive fabrics with fewer details
Brands such as Gitano, Donkenny, Kathie Lee, Arizona jeans, and Cherokee

27. Budget/Discount Sold in discount stores and low-price chains
Private labels such as Arizona jeans (J.C. Penney), Apostrophe (Sears), and Cherokee (Target)