1. INTELLIGENT URBAN TRAFFIC SIGNALLING INFRASTRUCTURE WITH OPTIMIZED INTRINSIC SAFETY Prof. Marius MINEA, Ph.D Lect. F.C. Nemtanu, Ph.D. Stud. POLITEHNICA University of Bucharest ICCCC 2006 – Baile Felix Spa

2. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa2 Introduction What is ITS? ITS stands for “Intelligent Transport Systems”, representing a set of measures undertaken to improve information, safety and seamless flow of transport and traffic. ITS deals with the term “Telematics”, a combination of the technologies involving Telecommunications and Informatics

3. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa3 Main ITS components ATMS – Advanced Traffic Management Systems; ATIS – Advanced Traffic Information Systems; CVO – Commercial Vehicles Operations; APTS – Advanced Public Transport Systems; AVCS – Advanced Vehicle Control Systems.

4. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa4 UTMC Systems An UTMC system, component of Intelligent Transport Systems, defines a generalised architecture for traffic management and vehicles priority in terms of: Monitoring/location of Public Transport Vehicles (PTVs), or other type of vehicles; Road Network Modelling; Traffic Management Strategy Selection; Strategy Implementation; Management of common/historic databases.

5. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa5 Adaptive signal control has recently emerged as a viable system control strategy within the United States, Europe and Australia. Long used in Europe and Australia, adaptive control consists of the real-time adjustment of coordinated signal timing parameters as well as independent intersection control to adapt to changing traffic conditions.

6. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa6 Benefits of ITS

7. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa7 Safety improvement – a major goal of ITS

8. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa8 Specific, existing UTMC systems Specific UTMC systems, such as SCOOT, SCATS, UTOPIA, SITRAFFIC, ITACA are now wide spread around the world and already considered “mature” UTMC systems. SCOOT – Split Cycle Offset Optimization Technique SCATS - Sydney Coordinated Adaptive Traffic System UTOPIA - Urban Traffic Optimisation by Integrated Automation SITRAFFIC – Siemens Intelligent TRAFFIC system ITACA – Intelligent Traffic Adaptive Control Agent

9. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa9 Using Mathematic Algorithms for Traffic Modeling Several Traffic models: –Static models – using fixed traffic data, allocated to Origin-Destination matrixes; –Dynamic models – using variable data for traffic flows between nodes of a matrix; –Continuous models – using fluids laws for modeling traffic behavior; –Micromodelling – using time division to describe local traffic behavior;

10. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa10 Specific diagrams – traffic demand in a city

11. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa11 Specific diagrams Vehicles speed (q) versus traffic density (k)

12. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa12 Simplifying the process, the UTMC system measures continuously traffic demand using special detectors. Then, it calculates optimal signaling using several techniques, according to the technology and software. For example, the traffic models that use fluids flowing laws are represented by a set of mathematical equations; some of these can be solved analytically, some with numerical procedures. In practice, a link between two junctions is divided in several “cells” with a length equivalent to a normal vehicle. Traffic conditions are estimated using time splits of 0.5 to 10 seconds. Information is then distributed to traffic controllers, that actuate traffic lights.

13. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa13 Characteristic entities Static modelsDynamic models Continuous models Microsimu- lation Traffic volumes ARAPN N or AR Speed AR APAPAPAP Speed distribution NARARARAPAP Accelerations NNARARAPAP Influences in traffic volumes N or AR ARAR Legend: A – Available feature; N – non-available; R – reduced accuracy; P – precision of the models

14. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa14 Logical diagram for the Following Vehicle Pattern Model (example) “IN FRONT” VEHICLE STATUS ERRORS PERCEPTIONI NFORMATION COLLECTION DECISIONEXECUTION VEHICLE DRIVER VEHICLE DYNAMICS FEEDBACK REACTION NEXT VEHICLE STATUS

15. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa15 Present state in Romania There are no important UTMC systems implemented (exceptions are the UTOPIA for 41 “Light metro” line in Bucharest, and the future Bucharest Multisector UTC/PTM/CCTV project for around 100 junctions and 300 buses); The signalling infrastructure is heterogeneous, obsolete and frequent failures are reported; There is no a centralised concept in monitoring, control and repair operations for the road signalling infrastructure; There is no an updated database concerning the field facilities kept at an administrative authority (such as Street Administration) – so as at this moment, if a traffic signal or sign is damaged or missing, there will be a big delay (days) until the authority will be noticed and maintenance will be performed; The Street Administration required several times a centralised, integrated method/platform for field data acquisition/monitoring of the signalling infrastructure.

16. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa16 Designing an ITS platform for the road signalling infrastructure SIGNALLING ELEMENTS POSITIONS DATA COLLECTION Human Operators AUTOMATIC FAULT REPORTING Traffic controllers OPERATION AND MAINTENANCE CENTRE USERS INFORMATION Maintenance Companies and Operators Radio or wired data network Traffic participants Road users Traffic controllers Media and information distribution centre SYSTEM Functional architecture for the Optimised Signalling Infrastructure

17. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa17 Specific requirements for the integrated optimised signalling infrastructure Traffic management systems by definition contain functions for the detection and selection of vehicles and functions associated with the granting of priority; A very important characteristic of the communications network for these systems is that the delay for any operational data must be strictly controlled; The communications network is a crucial element in an optimised signalling infrastructure.

18. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa18 Specific architectures for priority granting and fault management functions When the priority strategy is separate and interrupts the background strategy, then there is scope for a variety of architectures. It is possible, but not necessarily desirable for some or all of the priority functions to be logically separated from the background control function. Four groups of architectures are possible: –Centralised UTC and priority functions, centralised fault reporting; –Decentralised UTC and priority functions, centralised fault reporting; –Centralised UTC with decentralised priority functions, centralised fault reporting; –Decentralised UTC with centralised priority functions, centralised fault reporting.

19. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa19 Fault reporting As seen in the above classification, the fault reporting / management function should be always centralised, as this is very important for the good operational status of the system. In all cases, even if there is or there is not a wired communication network link to a management centre, there is a must to have a radio link (or GSM network link) for the fault monitoring function.

20. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa20 Specific architectures (1) Centralized control, all functions

21. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa21 Specific architectures (2) Decentralized control, all functions

22. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa22 It is a known fact that the road transportation is most affected with traffic incidents, casualties, traffic jams and general congestion, due to the large number of vehicles, both private and/or belonging to state agencies or companies. Implementing ITS in urban transport means introducing mathematic algorithms for traffic optimization, introducing “intelligence” at the street level.

23. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa23 Conclusions Traffic management systems are complex architectures, with core processing equipment that requires sensor data fusion, mathematic algorithms and good communications infrastructure; Increasing the intrinsic reliability thru specific measures means reducing traffic incidents, environmental pollution and costs for transport.

24. ICCCC 2006, Baile Felix Spa24 Thank you! marius.minea@gmail.commarmin@eltrans.pub.ro www.e-safety.ro www.eltrans.pub.ro UPB-CEPETET Centrul de Cercetare, Proiectare, Service si Consulting in domeniul Telecomenzilor si Electronicii in Transporturi