1. The ANITA grade and the Magnoliid Complex
Spring 2010

2. Basal Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water Lily Family)
Widespread, tropics to temperate regions
Aquatic rhizomatous herbs, sap milky
70 species; 8 genera
Flowers: many parts; laminar stamens; “floating”; colorful perianth; “beetle” syndrome
Special uses: ornamentals; sacred lotus
Required taxa: Nymphaea (water lily)

3. Basal Angiosperms: Nymphaeaceae (Water-lily Family)
numerous petals, stamens, carpels
laminar stamens
pollen monosulcate
stigma discoid, radiating
berry-like fruit, dehiscent
perisperm (from the sporophyte)
usually lack vessels (or have tracheid-like vessels)

4. Nymphaea odorata – Water Lily

5. Nymphaea tuberosa Water Lily

6. Nuphar Water Lily

7. Victoria amazonica – Giant Water Lily

8. Basal Angiosperms—Austrobaileyales: Illiciaceae (Star Anise Family)
SE Asia, SE USA and Caribbean
Trees and shrubs
1 genus, Illicium; ca. 40 species
Flowers: many floral parts/tepals; 1 ovule/carpel
Special uses: star anise (spice)
Required taxa: (none)

9. Illicium – Star Anise
Illicium parviflorum
Illicium floridanum

10. Angiosperm Evolution: Pollen
Basic division in distinguishing angiosperms is NOT monocot versus dicot!!
Basic distinction is the number of pores or sulcae in the pollen grains.
Trends in pollen evolution clearly show a shift from uniaperturate pollen found in gymnosperms and the basal angiosperms to triaperturate pollen found in the more derived flowering plants.
Plesiomorphic condition in angiosperms is one sulcus (monocolpate).
Fossil record is quite good to document this transformation in pollen type.

11. Figure 9.1 from the text,
Showing monocolpate to
Tricolpate pollen

12. Pollen Types

13. Magnoliid characters “Magnocots”
2-ranked leaves, paracytic stomates
Perianth generally 3-merous
Stamens and carpels: distinct,
numerous, spirally arranged
Boat-shaped, monosulcate pollen
Superior ovary
Seeds with fleshy seed coat/aril in many;
minute embryo, copious endosperm
Many anatomical characters (esp. wood)

14. Magnoliids—Magnoliales: Magnoliaceae (The Magnolia Family)
Temperate to tropical regions of eastern North America; east Asia, South America
Trees or shrubs with simple leaves
Number of species: 2 genera, 220 species
Flowers: apocarpous; anthers laminar, large number; receptacle elongated
Significant features: Aromatic; fruit an aggregate of follicles or winged samaras in Liriodendron
Special uses: ornamentals; timber
Required taxa: Magnolia

15. aggregate of follicles many spirally arranged parts
Magnoliaceae
solitary flower
elongate receptacle
aggregate of follicles
woody plant
simple leaves
stipules
many spirally arranged parts
separate carpels
laminar stamens
Magnolia virginiana
sweetbay

16. Magnolia X soulangeana

17. Within the family,
Magnolia is
diagnosed by:
-presence of a red
or orange fleshy
seed coat
-follicles opening
along the abaxial
seam

18. Liriodendron tulipifera Tulip Poplar Tree

19. Magnoliids—Laurales: Lauraceae (Laurel or Bay Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; SE Asia & northern South America
Trees, shrubs, vines.
Diversity: 2,500 species, 50 genera
Flowers: concave receptacle; anthers dehiscing via pores with flaps; sticky pollen; pollen without apertures; carpel 1; embryo large, endosperm lacking.
Significant features: ethereal oils
Special uses: cinnamon (Cinnamomum) and bay (Laurus nobilis) used as spices; avocado (Persea)
Required taxon: Sassafras

20. Sassafras albidum

21. Persea americana - Avocado

22. Lauraceae Cupule under the drupe! Cinnamomum cinnamon
Sassafras albidum
sassafras

23. Economic plants and products: Cinnamomum zeylandicum
Lauraceae
Economic plants and products:
Cinnamomum zeylandicum
True cinnamon

24. Magnoliids—Piperales: Piperaceae
Widely distributed in tropical and subtropical regions.
Primarily herbs; sometimes epiphytic; small trees
Diversity: 2,020 species, 6 genera
Flowers: minute, densely packed in thick spikes; no perianth (!); carpels 1-4, connate, with 1 ovule per gynoecium, basal placentation; fruit usually a drupe.
Significant features: stem with bundles in >1 ring or + scattered
Special uses: Piper nigrum (black pepper); Piper betle (betel pepper), ornamentals (Peperomia)
Required taxon: Peperomia

25. Peperomia

26. Piper nigrum – Black pepper

27. Magnoliids—Piperales: Aristolochiaceae (Dutchman’s Pipe or Birthwort Family)
Widespread in tropical and subtropical regions; absent in Australia.
Lianas or herbs, occasionally shrubs
Diversity: ca. 460 species, 7 genera
Flowers: Highly modified, showy, fused sepals, radial or bilateral, tubular, and S-shaped or pipe shaped calyx tube; corolla usually lacking or vestigial; ovary more or less inferior, of (4-)6 connate carpels; ovules numerous; filaments more or less adnate to style.
Significant features: “dead meat” carrion coloration attracts insects, usually flies. Trap-flowers.
Special uses: ornamentals; some medicinal uses.
Required taxa: Asarum, Aristolochia

28. Asarum (wild ginger) -stemless perennial with aromatic rhizomes
-flowers actinomorphic
-filament tips extending beyond the anthers
-ovary inferior
-fruit a fleshy capsule, seeds large

29. Characters of Aristolochia (Dutchman’s pipe)
Tropical or warm temperate regions
Perennial herbs or shrubs, twining or climbing or sometimes upright
Calyx tubular, greenish or purplish
Anthers sessile, strongly adnate to the short and fleshy style
“trap” flowers

30. Ceratophyllaceae
-Submerged aquatic with many adaptations for this habitat -Fossil record extends back to the early Cretaceous -Phylogenetic position uncertain, but clearly part of the early radiation of angiosperms above the ANITA grade

31. On to the monocots…
...clearly monophyletic…superbly apomorphic! ! !

32. As we venture through the various major groups of angiosperms…
Identify the plesiomorphic characteristics associated with particular groups and note their apomorphies (if any) as well.
Try to associate “syndromes” of characteristics with each group (make note of special characters occurring together).
One good way to study is to write keys to the groups we cover in any given unit.
Names of groups are important! Learn to spell and say them!
Ask questions!!