1. + Concrete Belkis Campos 12-01145. Cristina Dávila 12-11145.

2. + Content 1. What is Concrete? 2. Historical Background 3. Properties 4. Advantages & Disadvantages 5. Some Concrete-made Structures all over the world 6. Sources

3. + What is Concrete? Agregate Cement Water Sand Gravel Limestone Granite Binder that holds and draws everything cohesively Concrete’s principal strength determinant

4. + Historical Background "concretus” (compact or condensed) Concrete Known Occurrence: Human and Concrete: 12 million years ago 3000 years Lime (calcium oxide): primary cement-forming, agent until the early 1800s. 1824: Creation of Portland Cement, by Joseph Aspdin. The dominant cementing agent used in concrete production. 1849: Invention of Reinforced Concrete by Joseph Monier. Egyptians: Similar substance to modern concrete. Lime and gypsum as binders. Assyrians and Babylonians: Clay as a bonding substance. The Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct (688 BC, waterproof concrete) Greeks: Concrete with lime and pebbles. Royal palace of Tiryns. (1400-1200 BC) (Heinrich Schliemann) Romans: used concrete made from quicklime, pozzolana and pumice (300 BC to 476 AD). New wave of Roman Architecture. Ancient Civilizations Egyptians: Similar substance to modern concrete. Lime and gypsum as binders. Assyrians and Babylonians: Clay as a bonding substance. The Assyrian Jerwan Aqueduct (688 BC, waterproof concrete) Greeks: Concrete with lime and pebbles. Royal palace of Tiryns. (1400-1200 BC) (Heinrich Schliemann) Romans: used concrete made from quicklime, pozzolana and pumice (300 BC to 476 AD). New wave of Roman Architecture. Ancient Civilizations

5. Properties Reinforced concrete is the most common form of concrete. The reinforcement is often steel, rebar and other materials The density of concrete is around 2,400 kg/m³ Low coefficient of thermal expansion, and as it matures concrete shrinks. Concrete that is subjected to long-duration forces is prone to creep. Different mixes of concrete ingredients produce different strengths High compressive strength but lower tensile strength.

6. + Strength and Durability Versatility Low Maintenance Affordability Thermal mass Locally produced and used Albedo effect Low life-cycle CO2 emissions Low tensile strength Low ductility Susceptible to cracking AdvantagesDisadvantages More Advantages than Disadvantages

7. + Use The amount of concrete used worldwide, ton for ton, is twice that of steel, wood, plastics, and aluminum combined. Concrete's use in the modern world is exceeded only by the use of water Mass Structures Textures Architectural Structures Infrastructure Walls Bridges Pavements

8. + Some Concrete-made Structures all over the Globe 1 4 2 3 1- Jubilee Church. Rome, Italy 2- Ingalls Building. Cincinati, USA 3- Bus Stop. Stockholm, Sweden 4- Alamillo Bridge. Sevilla, Spain Concrete has been and is nowadays the preferred construction material for architects and engineers

9. + Sources 1. http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/13 1278/concrete 2. http://www.wbcsdcement.org/index.php/key- issues/sustainability-with-concrete/properties- of-concrete 3. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete 4. http://civilengineersforum.com/concrete- advantages-disadvantages/