1. RTV 440 Sound and Miking

2. Sound in an environment Sound wave –Compression / rarefaction Frequency / Measured in hertz Amplitude / Measured in decibels (db-spl) –AM/FM, kHz / MHz (r.f.) Attack/sustain (internal dynamics)/decay -- sound envelope Acoustics / Psychoacoustics / binaural hearing Absorbed / Reflected Direct / Indirect (echo & reverberation)

3. Some issues with sound Equal loudness principle--depending on loudness we don’t hear low and high frequencies as well as we hear middle Masking--Hiding of some sounds by other sounds by other sounds when each is a different frequency and they are presented together. Loud over soft / lower-pitched over higher Acoustical phase--the time relationship between two or more sound waves at a given point in their cycles Timbre--a sound’s unique tone quality or tone color

4. Acoustical issues Ergonomics – human element in designing room Sound Absorption and Reflection Diffusion--scattering of sound waves Diffraction--spreading or bending Resonance--vibration of an object at the same frequency as the original body’s frequency Lively or Dead Room Isolation

5. Sound Frequency Spectrum Bass –Low bass, 1st & 2nd octaves, 16-64 Hz –Upper bass, 3rd& 4th octaves, 64-256 Hz Midrange –5th, 6th & 7th octaves, 256 - 2,048 Hz –Upper midrange: 8th octave, 2,048 - 4,096 Hz Treble –9th & 10th octaves, 4,096 - 16,384 Hz 20 to 20,000 Hz, sort of20 to 20,000 Hz

6. ‘Hearing Test’ High frequency test Range of frequencies (oscillator)Range of frequencies 10 – 200 Hz 22 kHz down to 8 kHz C Scale notes

7. Mics -- Converting Sound Sound Frequency Spectrum –Bass, midrange, treble Frequency / Hertz Amplitude / decibels Acoustics Direct / indirect sound –Echo / reverberations

8. Microphone Directional Patterns Omnidirectional / nondirectional Unidirectional / Directional/ cardioid –Super, hyper, ultra Bidirectional (see reading for diagrams)

9. Applications of polar patterns Football miking News live shot Basketball game Studio interview News anchor In audio recording studio Shotgun boom pole

10. Cardioid range Cardioid Supercardioid Hypercardioid Ultradirectional –Shotgun mic

11. Professional Mic types Moving coil/dynamic Ribbon Capacitor/condensor (power source) –Electret condensor Transducer – changes energy from one form to another – in this case sound waves into an electrical current

12. Mics on cameras +48v ONLY for mics that require phantom power (some of the shotguns) Line vs. mic input XA 20 cameras – Audio Technica mini plug mics Always use lavalier for close up audio

13. More about mics and sound Common audio connectors –RCA (phono), ¼” (phone), mini-plug, XLR –Jack (‘female’) vs. plug (‘male’) –Firewire, HDMI, etc. Close vs. distant miking –Cross-pair, mid-side, coincident (stereo) Wide – range of frequencies Flat – accurately recreates frequencies Colored response – changes frequencies (lavaliere boosts high frequencies, for example

14. Close miking when you can’t get close Visible mics –What kinds of productions –‘dressing the mic’ Hidden mics –Under clothing, in set pieces –Wired vs. wireless Boom pole –Fishpole, giraffe, perambulator Looping / ADR –High percentage of TV and movie content

15. Common mic types lavaliere headset handheld studio/boom mounted TV boom –Perambulator boom, giraffes, fishpole PZM (boundary mic)

16. Audio Mixing Three things you mix –Sources, techniques, aesthetics ProTools or Adobe Audition (DAW) Stereo or multi-track recording 5 console functions –Amplify, switch, route, mix, balance Various console inputs Layering, in moviemaking

17. Other console terms Program / Audition Monitor vs. cue Master pot VU meter / PPM (analog / LED) Muting system Foldback (IFB note) Pad / trim / gain / AGC Pan Pot Submixer & pre-amp

18. Other audio mixing terms Compressor Limiter Equalizer (EQ) Filters –High pass, low pass, band pass, notch Stereo vs. multi-track recording –Basics of multi-track / mixdown

19. Three things you mix... Music –Production library, royalty-free loops –BMI, ASCAP, SESAC –blanket license vs. ‘needle drop’ –SoundExchange fees SFX -- Production library, Foley Voice –Narration vs. dialogue –Straight voice, VO/music, donut, jingle### Teams go record sounds, due before 5:00 -->