1. Melanie McGovern Anthony Totera Jaylin Martinez Period 5
Adrenal Gland
Melanie McGovern
Anthony Totera
Jaylin Martinez
Period 5

2. What Is the Endocrine System
The Endocrine System influences almost every cell, organ, and function of our bodies.
The endocrine system is instrumental in regulating mood, growth and development, tissue function, metabolism, and sexual function and reproductive processes.
It is in charge of body processes that happen slowly, such as cell growth.
The nervous system works with the endocrine system to help the body function properly.
The hormones and glands are the foundations of the endocrine system.
The major glands that make up the human endocrine system include the:
hypothalamus
pituitary gland
thyroid
parathyroids
adrenal glands
pineal body
reproductive glands (which include the ovaries and testes)
pancreas

3. Adrenal Gland

4. Adrenal Gland Location
The adrenal glands are located in the retroperitoneum superior to the kidneys, they are quadrilateral in shape and are situated bilaterally.

5. Adrenal Glands Role/ Function
The adrenal glands are small organs that rest on top of each kidney.
They play an important role in the body, producing numerous hormones that impact our development and growth, affect our ability to deal with stress, and help to regulate kidney function.
It is comprised of two parts, the cortex and the medulla.
The medulla, which is the inner part of the adrenal glands, produces the hormones norepinephrine and epinephrine, which regulates the body's reaction to stressful events.
The cortex, which is the outer part of the adrenal glands, produces several hormones that affect blood pressure and blood sugar levels, growth, and also some sexual characteristics.
Adrenal Glands Animation
Adrenal Glands Role/ Function

6. Hormones secreted by Adrenal Gland
Epinephrine (adrenaline)
Norepinephrine (non adrenaline)
Glucocorticoids
Hormones secreted by Adrenal Gland

7. Epinephrine “Fight or Flight” Hormone Adrenaline
It is being constantly produced but in times of danger, excitement, or stress the adrenal gland produces much more
Effects on the body:
Increased physical strength
Greater energy
Heart is stimulated
Raised blood pressure
Constricts blood vessels
Releases sugar in the liver
Relaxes involuntary muscles while contracting others

8. Norepinephrine “Fight or Flight” Hormone Non Adrenaline
This hormone balances Epinephrine. It is also produced during times of danger, excitement, or stress but its job is to get the body back to regular conditions.
Effects:
Increases blood pressure
Stimulates respiration
Decreases heart rate
Constricts blood vessels in skin, muscles, and the peripheral nervous system
Decreases stimulation in airways and lungs

9. Glucocorticoids “Stress Hormones”
Hydrocortisone (also known as, cortisol or cortisone) is the most abundant form
Best known for providing energy during physical or emotional stress (like while fighting illnesses or when your safety is threatened).
Effects:
Releases sugar glucose
Converts sugar, fat, and protein into usable energy
Suppresses immune responses
Speeds up metabolism

10. Disease 1: Cushing’s Syndrome
A hormonal disorder that is caused by over exposure to too much cortisol (a hormone that the adrenal gland creates).
Symptoms:
Upper body obesity
Thin arms and legs
Severe fatigue and muscle weakness
High blood pressure
High blood sugar
Easy bruising
Stretch marks
Acne
Bone loss
This is diagnosed by your doctor
completing a physical exam and a
blood or urine or saliva test
Depending on what caused the disease it can be treated by reducing corticosteroid use, surgery, radiation therapy, or medications.

11. Disease 2: Addison’s Disease
This disease is caused when the adrenal gland doesn’t produce enough cortisol or aldosterone.
Symptoms:
Muscle weakness and fatigue
Weight loss and decreased appetite
Hyperpigmentation
Low blood pressure, even fainting
Salt craving
Low blood sugar (hypoglycemia)
Nausea, diarrhea or vomiting
Muscle or joint pains
Irritability
Depression
Body hair loss or sexual dysfunction in women
This can be diagnosed by a blood test, ACTH stimulation test, imaging test, or a hypoglycemia test.
The disease can be treated by oral corticosteroids, corticosteroid injections, or androgen replacement therapy.

12. Interesting facts about the Adrenal Gland
There are 2 Adrenal glands that sit on top of both of the kidneys. They are orange and triangular shaped. The Adrenal gland is about a ½ inch high and 3 inches long. Each of the glands release hormones and do different jobs.
Tumors of the pituitary gland (located in the brain) cause problems in the adrenal gland
Have been referred to as the kidney’s hat because of their location and appearance
Interesting facts about the Adrenal Gland

13. The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n. d. Web. 11 Mar. 2013
The Free Dictionary. Farlex, n.d. Web. 11 Mar < dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/norepinephrine>.
Kids Health. N.p., n.d. Web. 11 Mar < /endocrine.html>.
Mayo Clinic. N.p., 11 Mar Web. 11 Mar < ndex>.
Medical Discoveries. N.p., 3 Oct Web. 11 Mar < Ho/Epinephrine.html>.
Thompson, Gale. Human Anatomy and Physiology. N.p.: n.p., Print.
Bibliography

14. Concept Check Questions
Which organ are the Adrenal Glands located closest to?
The Brain
The Kidneys
The Lungs
The Pancreas
What are the two parts of the Adrenal Gland?
The cortex and medulla
The inner and outer
The epimysium and perimysium
The later and medial

15. Concept Check Questions
What are the two parts of the Adrenal Gland?
The cortex and medulla
The inner and outer
The epimysium and perimysium
The later and medial
What are the hormones secreted by the Adrenal Gland? Explain what each of the hormones do.
Which of the following is NOT a disease caused by the adrenal gland?
Cushing’s Syndrome
Addison’s Disease
Barlow’s Syndrome
Hypoglcemia
What are the hormones secreted by the Adrenal Gland ? Explain what each of the hormones do .
Concept Check Questions