1. Teaching translation into the second language via the Wiki tool of the Blackboard Kazuki Morimoto University of Leeds 01/09/20101 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield

2. Objectives  To discuss possible benefits of L1 → L2 translation exercises  To showcase our new translation exercises using Blackboard Wiki, and explain its merits over the conventional methods  To examine students’ experience of the Wiki translation exercises based on a questionnaire 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield2

3. Translation = L2 →L1 ? In the field of translation studies, translation into the second language has been ignored or discouraged: “(…) Translation should therefore proceed from foreign language to one’s mother tongue and never vice-versa, since hidden essence of the target language is not attainable by any foreign speaker.” (William von Humboldt cited in Pokorn 2005 (Undelined by presenter)) “(…) A foreigner appears to go on making collocational mistakes however long he lives his adopted country (…) For the above reasons, translator rightly translate into their own language, and fortiori, foreign teachers and students are normally unsuitable in a translation course. “ (Newmark 1981:180 cited in Pokorn 2005 (Underlined by presenter)) 01/09/20103 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield

4. Why L1 →L2 Translation? 1.Socio-cultural necessity (Campbell 1998)  Immigrants in Australia  Forestry in Finland 2.Training of professional skills 3.Pedagogical merits  Acquisition of various writing styles (Campbell 1998)  Pay more attention to linguistic forms than for L2 compositions (Uzawa 1996)  Produce language of better quality than in L2 compositions (Kobayashi and Rinnert 1992, Uzawa 1996)  Collective feedback 01/09/20104 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield

5. Conventional methods – How to teach 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield5 T: Distribute a source text (ST) S: Translate it into Japanese on his/her own, using dictionaries, internet etc. S: Present his/her translation(s) on the board or by OHP T: Collective/Individual feedback

6. Conventional methods - Problems  No collaboration/comparison among students while translating texts at home  Takes too much time to re-write his/her translation(s) on the board/transparency  Less time available for teacher’s feedback and students’ discussions  Some shy students don’t want to present his/her translation(s) 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield6

7. Use of Blackboard Wiki What are Wikis? Wikis are websites that allow you to create and edit pages in your web browser. (…) Students can cooperatively write, critique and publish their work online, create shared knowledgebases for their module/organisation, upload multimedia, link to external websites, all without touching a website authoring program. In Blackboard, you can turn a wiki into a challenging groupwork activtiy and use built in tools to assess student participation. (http://www.leeds.ac.uk/vle/staff/guides/wikis.htm)http://www.leeds.ac.uk/vle/staff/guides/wikis.htm 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield7

8. Blackboard: Login 01/09/20108 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield

9. Blackboard: Creating Wikis 01/09/20109 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield Assignment → Select → Wiki

10. Blackboard Wiki: Uploading STs 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield10 Source text (English)

11. Blackboard Wiki: Sending translations 01/09/201011 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield Other students’ translations (Japanese) Students can upload their own translations from here.

12. Blackboard Wiki: Can be anonymous 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield12 Date, Time and Writer (Full name, Given name or User name)

13. New method – Use of Blackboard Wiki 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield13 T: Distribute a source text (ST) Also, upload it to the Blackboard Wiki S: Translate it into Japanese on his/her own using dictionaries, internet etc. Compare his/her own translation(s) with others’ and sending them to the Blackboard Wiki T: Present students’ translations by projector, hardcopy or Power Point S: Discussion on their translations T: Collective/Individual feedback

14. Sample PowerPoint Slide 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield14 Student A’s translation Teacher’s feedback for the better translation

15. Student Survey 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield15 54321 Strongly Agree AgreeNeither Agree nor Disagree DisagreeStrongly Disagree Please give a number to each question according to the table above.

16. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 8.510.55104.0625 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield16 1. Did you like the English-Japanese translation exercises? 54321MeanN 037842.4122 Level 2 (3 rd year students) Level 3 (4 th year students)

17. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 485803.3225 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield17 2. Did the translation exercise encourage you to use more advanced grammar and/or vocabulary than you normally use in writing a composition? 54321MeanN 23.58.5622.8922 Level 2 Level 3

18. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 595503.5824 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield18 3. Did you always contribute to the Wiki translation on the VLE (Virtual Learning Environment: Uni. of Leeds’ version of Blackboard) ? 54321MeanN 833623.4122 Level 2 Level 3

19. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 1272214.1324 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield19 4. Was it easy to use the Wiki translation on the VLE? 54321MeanN 8122004.2722 Level 2 Level 3

20. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 443762.7124 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield20 5. Did you often compare your translations with others’ while writing? 54321MeanN 4121413.6422 Level 2 Level 3

21. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 3910203.5424 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield21 6. Was the class time spent effectively? 54321MeanN 1161042.3222 Level 2 Level 3

22. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 797103.9224 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield22 7. Did you always learn something by comparing with your classmates’ translations? 54321MeanN 06.57.5612.9321 Level 2 Level 3

23. Student Survey Results 54321MeanN 888004.0024 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield23 8. Did you receive enough feedback on your translations? 54321MeanN 124692.0922 Level 2 Level 3

24. Student Survey Results 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield24 9. Please write any aspects you like about the translation exercises. (Level 2)  The teacher provided good advice about how to create natural- sounding translation.  It is a good way to introduce new grammar into work.  It encouraged me to use vocabulary that I didn’t already know.  E-J translation is unnatural, and helps understanding of Japanese in general.  The translation were a challenge, but pushed you to try hard.  Translating into Japanese is good for our practical Japanese skills.  It’s nice to get writing exercises without having to get confused about how to express your own opinions, etc.

25. Student Survey Results 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield25 (Level 3)  Good way to prepare for the summer exam.  The (teacher’s) example translation was helpful.  Good for vocabulary and grammar practice, and picking up some new vocabulary.  Being able to compare translation with other students’.  It is an important part to studying the language and useful tool in the future.  It makes the language learning more practical.  Translating sentences into Japanese helps me to learn some useful phrases that are commonly used in writing composition.

26. Student Survey Results 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield26 10. Please write any aspects you do not like about the translation exercises. (Level 2)  Sometimes English in the translation wasn’t very good.  Feedback could be very vague sometimes. Learning why certain grammar points have certain nuances would be helpful.  Some students were constantly lazy about participating. (Level 3)  Lack of individual feedback  Topics used wee either uninteresting, too difficult or business- oriented.  You could easily copy other’s if you wanted.  Although comparisons with my fellow classmates were good, I felt that most of us were writing similar answers (i.e. usually based on what our dictionary told us.)

27. Conclusion  The Blackboard Wiki can provide an effective learning opportunity for translation exercises, depending on the source texts and the students’ interest and motivation.  Students should be encouraged to compare their translations with others’ in order to enhance their learning experiences.  Effective feedback methods need to be considered.  The possibility of students’ collaborative translations, as well as L2 → L1 translations, could be explored in the future. 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield27

28. References Campbell, S. (1998) Translation into the Second Language. New York: Addison Wesley Longman. Kobayashi, H. and Rinnert, C. (1992) Effects of first language on second language writing: Translation versus direct composition. Language Learning, 42(2), 183-215. Pokorn, N.K. (2005) Challenging the Traditional Axioms: Translation into a non- mother tongue. Amsterdam & Philadelphia: John Benjamins. Uzawa, K. (1996) Second language learner’s process of L1 writing, L2 writing, and translation from L1 into L2. Journal of Second Language Writing, 5(3), 271-294. 01/09/2010 Languages for the 21st Century: Training, Impact and Influence, University of Sheffield28