1. Basic Investigative Photography

2. Purpose of Crime Scene Photography
1. To record the original scene and related areas
2. To record the initial appearance of physical evidence
3. It will provide investigators and others with this permanent visual record of the scene for later use
4. Photographs are also used in court trials and hearings

3. Admissibility of photographic evidence
1. Three major points of qualification of a photograph in court
a. Object pictured must be material or relevant to the point in issue
b. The photograph must not appeal to the emotions or tend to prejudice the court or jury
c. The photograph must be free from distortion and not misrepresent the scene or the object it purports to reproduce
2. You do not need to be an expert in photography to take crime scene photographs or testify about them

4. Basic equipment for crime scene photography
1. Camera(s) 2. Normal lens 3. Wide angle lens 4. Close-up lenses or accessories 5. Filters 6. Electronic flash(s) 7. Remote or sync cord for electronic flash(s) 8. Extra camera and flash batteries 9. Locking cable release 10. Tripod 11. Film 12. Owner's manuals for camera and flash 13. Notebook and pen 14. Ruler 15. Gray card 16. Index cards and felt pen 17. Flashlight

5. Any picture an officer takes may wind up in Court.
You will be safe if you keep this in mind for every photo you shoot.
Experience has shown that attention to a few simple rules can make pictures acceptable to most judges.

6. Taking overview photographs
Purpose
a. To show the scene exactly as it was when you first saw it
(1) If something was moved before you arrived, don't try to reconstruct the scene as it was.
The photographs should show the scene as you found it

7. a. First discuss the crime, evidence and photographs needed with other investigators at the scene
b. Be careful not to destroy any evidence while taking the photographs

8. Outside the scene
(1) Exterior of the building where the crime occurred and in some cases the whole locale
(2) Aerial photographs of the scene and the surrounding area can be useful in some types of cases
(3) Original series of photographs should also show all doors, windows and other means of entrance or exit

9. Inside the scene (1) Begin with a view of the entrance
(2) Then photograph the scene as it appears when you first step into the room
(3) Next, move around the room to get photographs of all the walls
(a) These photographs should also show the positions of any potential items of evidence
(4) Include photographs of other rooms connected with the actual crime scene

10. Photographs to record items of evidence
1. Take two photographs of each item of evidence
a. One should be an orientation (midrange) shot to show how the item is related to its surroundings
b. The second photograph should be a close-up to bring out the details of the object itself

11. 2. Measuring and marking devices
a. Take two photographs if a marking or measuring device is used
(1) One photograph without the device, the other with the device
(2) So the defense can't claim that the scene was altered or that the device was concealing anything important

12. PHOTOGRAPHING SPECIFIC CRIME SCENES
Each crime scene has unique characteristics and the type of photographs needed will be determined at the scene by the investigator familiar with the crime.

13. Homicide 1. Use color film
2. Photographs (example: homicide inside a residence)
a. Exterior of the building
b. Evidence outside the building
c. Entrance into the scene
d. Room in which the body was found

14. e. Adjoining rooms, hallways, stairwells
f. Body from five angles
g. Close-up of body wounds
h. Weapons
i. Trace evidence

15. j. Signs of activity prior to the homicide k. Evidence of a struggle
l. View from positions witnesses had at time of the crime
(1) Use a normal lens
m. Autopsy

16. Suicide, other dead body calls
1. If there is any doubt, photograph the scene as a homicide

17. Burglaries 1. Photographs (residential or commercial burglaries)
a. Exterior of building
b. Point of entry
c. Entrance into scene
d. Interior views

18. e. Area from which valuable articles were removed
f. Damage to locks, safe, doors, toolmarks
g. Articles or tools left at the scene by the suspect
h. Trace evidence
i. Other physical evidence

19. Assaults, injuries 1. Photographing injuries
a. Face of victim in the photographs
b. Bruises
c. Bite marks
(1) Orientation shot
(2) Close-up at 90 degree angle to avoid distortion
(3) Ruler in same plane as bite mark
(4) Focus carefully
(5) Bracket exposures

20. PHOTOGRAPHING EVIDENCE
Fingerprints
1. When to photograph fingerprints
a. Before lifting on major cases or if the latent may be destroyed when lifting
b. To bring out detail in a latent

21. Impressions 1. Footprints and tire tracks a. Procedure
(1) Take an orientation photograph to show where in the scene the impression is located
(2) Take a close-up for detail
(a) Use a scale on the same plane as the impression

22. Bloodstain photography
1. Use color film
2. Orientation photographs to show locations of bloodstain evidence at the scene
3. Close-up photographs to show detail
a. Use a scale on the same plane as the bloodstain
b. Keep the film parallel to the plane of the bloodstain

23. Rule 1 - Do Not Disturb the Scene
This is the cardinal rule of crime scene photography. Both later investigators and jurors need to see the scene as it was when the police arrived.
Some Courts have held that a scene is disturbed by the addition of even such simple things as measuring scales and labels. Leave them out of your first series of pictures.

24. Make sure to cover the whole scene before it is touched or altered in any way.
After the scene has been photographed in its original state, you may shoot a second series of pictures with minor changes.
You can add measuring scales, remove obstacles blocking the view or do anything else which will make the scene clearer.

25. If you are working with a partner, take pictures of him moving objects or adding them to the scene.
This will show the jury exactly what was done and why.

26. Rule 2 - Get a Complete Series of Pictures
You must move around the scene to see everything.
So must the camera.
Generally speaking, each important object in the scene should appear in at least three pictures: an overview; a mid range shot; a close-up.

27. The overview should cover the entire scene to bring out the relationships between the objects.
The mid range shot shows an important object and its immediate surroundings.
Finally, each close-up shows a key detail clearly.

28. All of these pictures are important.
A close-up alone does not indicate where the object was located.
An overview alone does not bring out all items sharply enough to permit a detailed examination.

29. Rule 3 - Pay Attention to Camera Angles
Relationships of size and distance may be distorted by the wrong viewpoint.
Examine the scene in the view finder. This shows the scene as your camera will see it.

30. Ask yourself questions such as:
Does this picture reveal the true position of the witness to the crime?
Do the skid marks seem longer or shorter in the viewfinder than they are in real life?
How large is the lead pipe used as a weapon?

31. Shoot most pictures with the camera at eye level.
This is the height from which people normally see things and that makes it easier to judge perspective.

32. One practical way to assure complete coverage and to provide correct perspective is to follow the FOUR CORNER APPROACH. (Fig.1)

33. Figure 1.

34.  Rule 4 - Record all Data
You will often want to stress key details in a picture.
If you do that by marking on the print itself, a defense lawyer may accuse you of altering it.
For this reason, it is wise to do your marking on a transparent overlay which can be removed to show the untouched print.

35. Final Thought
In order to be useful, pictures must also be: Sharp, Focused and Properly Exposed.