1. Infectious Diseases Health II

2. Pre-Test  What is a pathogen?  List at least 3 types of pathogens.  List 3 ways pathogens are spread  How do you treat bacterial diseases?  What is a vaccine?  Name 2 common bacterial diseases  Name 2 common viral diseases

3. Answers  Any agent that causes disease  Bacteria, viruses, fungi, protists, parasites, rickettsia  Person to person, food and water, environment, animals  Antibiotics  Substance made of killed or weakened pathogens or from genetic material introduced into the body to create immunity  Strep throat, meningitis, sinus infection, salmonellosis, tetanus  Flu, common cold, mumps, measles, mononucleosis, hepatitis, Ebola

4. Pathogens ANY AGENT THAT CAUSES DISEASE Bacteria  Tiny, single-celled organisms that live almost everywhere on Earth  Most bacteria are harmless and help with bodily functions  Bacteria in mouth, intestines  Harmful bacteria make you sick when they grow on or in your body  Example:  Some give off poisons (tetanus/toxins) that damage cells  Sinus infections  Most harmful bacteria are killed by our immune system, others need antibiotics to treat and cure infections

5. Pathogens Viruses  Smaller than bacteria  Disease-causing particles made up of genetic material surrounded by a coat of protein  the virus finds a living “host cell” and forces it to reproduce and “attack” more cells  Colds, flu, measles, AIDS

6. Pathogens  Fungi (fungus)  Organisms that absorb and use nutrients from other living or dead organisms  Mushrooms  Athlete’s foot, ringworm  Protists  Larger and more complex than bacteria  Malaria  Parasites  Animals—get their energy and nutrients by feeding on other living organisms  Lice, tape worms, etc.  Rickettsia  Pathogens that resemble bacteria  Invade cells of other organisms  Enter humans through bites from fleas, ticks, or lice  typhus

7. How are they transmitted?  Person to person  Airborne (sneezing, coughing, touching anything drops landed on) kissing, drinking from same glass, direct contact (tetanus) Dirty Hands Suck  Food and water  Contaminated food (from humans, from infected animal)  Examples?  Water from streams or lakes, sewage,  Typhoid, cholera, dysentery  Environment  Pathogens are all around you—few can cause disease  Tetanus present in soil  Animals  Pathogens live on/in animals  Ringworm from pets, mosquitos carry malaria, yellow fever, encephalitis, ticks carry Lyme disease

8. How are they treated?  Bacterial diseases  Antibiotics-medicines used to kill or slow the growth of bacteria  Penicillin  CANNOT be used to treat colds or viral diseases  Antibiotic resistance: bacteria are no longer killed by a particular antibiotic  Improper use=build up of antibiotic resistant bacteria  Viral Diseases  Not much is known, so most concentrate on relieving symptoms and stopping production of viruses inside cells  Fungal Infections  Over-the-counter or prescription medicine  Protistan, parasitic Infections  Prevention—good hygiene, sanitation

9. Vaccines  Substances made of killed or weakened pathogens or from genetic material introduced into the body to create immunity  The body begins to make WBCs called memory cells  If the specific pathogen enters the body, the memory cells and their antibodies fight the pathogen before it can cause disease  May need boosters for vaccines  Flu?

10. Common Bacterial Infections  Tetanus  Symptoms- Severe muscle spasms  Transmission- Tetanus causing bacteria found in soil  Prevention- vaccine and boosters  Treatment- antibiotics  Strep Throat  Symptoms- sore throat, fever, yellow or white specks on tonsils  Transmission- contact with mucus from infected person  Prevention- avoid contact  Treatment- antibiotics  Meningitis-inflammation of membranes covering brain and spinal chord  Symptoms- severe headache, fever, stiff neck, sensitivity to light, nausea  Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus from infected person  Prevention- vaccine, avoid contact  Treatment- antibiotics—if caught early enough

11. Common Bacterial Infections  Sinus Infection  Symptoms- headache, tenderness of sinuses, thick greenish mucus, pressure in head  Transmission- contact with mucus  Prevention- avoid contact and allergens  Treatment- ??  Salmonellosis- an infection of the digestive system  Symptoms- headache, cramps, diarrhea, nausea, vomiting  Transmission- eating contaminated food  Prevention- thorough cooking, hand washing, refrigeration  Treatment- OTC meds for symptoms, sometimes antibiotics

12. Common Viral Infections  Flu  Symptoms- headache, sore muscles and throat, fever, vomiting, ect.  Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus  Prevention- vaccine and avoid contact  Treatment- rest, fluids  Cold  Symptoms- sore throat, sneezing, runny nose, mild cough  Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus  Prevention- wash hands, avoid contact  Treatment- rest, fluids  Mumps  Symptoms- pain and swelling of glands in throat, fever, headache  Transmission- contact with infected airborne droplets and infected person  Prevention- vaccine  Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids

13. Common Viral Infections  Measles  Symptoms- fatigue, runny nose, cough, fever, small white dots in mouth, rash on body  Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus  Prevention- vaccine  Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids  Mononucleosis  Symptoms- fever, swollen lymph nodes, sore throat, weakness  Transmission- contact with saliva or mucus  Prevention- avoid eating/drinking after infected person  Treatment- see doc. Rest, fluids  Hepatitis  Symptoms- inflammation of liver, jaundice, fever, darkening of urine  Transmission- contact with bodily fluids, contaminated food or water  Prevention- vaccine for A and B, wash hands, avoid contact  Treatment- see doc. Rest, meds, no cure for Hep. B and C

14. What is a disease outbreak? Occurs when a disease spreads in greater numbers than expected in a community or region or during a season 1 community or extend to several countries Example? Even 1 case could be considered an outbreak Unknown disease, new to community, absent for a long period of time Ex. Whooping cough

15. Epidemic vs Pandemic PAIR AND SHARE Talk to a partner and find out what you each know about an epidemic and a pandemic. What are they? What is the difference? Examples of each?

16. Epidemic Occurs when an infectious disease spreads rapidly to many people Ex. SARS (2003) killed nearly 800 people worldwide

17. Pandemic GLOBAL disease outbreak When an epidemic gets out of hand, it becomes a pandemic HIV/AIDS—one of the most destructive global pandemics in history Influenza Spanish: 40-50 million people in 1918 Asian: 2 million in 1957 Hong Kong: 1 million in 1968

18. Who is responsible when an outbreak occurs? World Health Organization (WHO) Directing and coordinating authority for health within the UN system. Responsible for providing leadership on global health matters, research, setting norms and standards, evidence-based policies, support in assessing health trends “In the 21 st century, health is a shared responsibility, involving equitable access to essential care and collective defense against transnational threats WHO WebQuest

19. WHO WebQuest Questions  Who is the director-general of WHO at the moment?  How many countries are involved in WHO?  List the 6 regional office locations and the location of WHO headquarters.  What year what WHO formed?  List 3 big achievements of WHO and the dates.  Explain what “International Health Regulations” is.  WHO is funded mainly through what source?

20. Who is responsible? Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) Major operating component of Department of Health and Human Services Protects Americans from all types of diseases Explore the CDC website and write a brief summary of the mission, role, history and accomplishments of the CDC Then, find what vaccines are required of all travelers, most travelers, and some travelers if you and your children are traveling to India to visit friends/family. http://www.cdc.gov/ Then, with a partner, complete the CDC Simulation CDC Simulation

21. Who is responsible? Food and Drug Administration (FDA—U.S.) Agency within the US Department of Health and Human Services Responsible for: Protecting public health through food sources and drug safety Protecting against electronic product radiation Assuring cosmetics and supplements are safe and properly labeled Regulating tobacco products Advancing public health by helping to speed product innovations