1. Shopping © PDST Home Economics

2. Advertising Why? To persuade consumers to buy a product /service Why? To persuade consumers to buy a product /service Who? Used by manufacturers, retailers & service Who? Used by manufacturers, retailers & service providers providers How? Advertising outlets: How? Advertising outlets: newspapers/magazines newspapers/magazines television/radio television/radio cinema/dvds cinema/dvds buses/bus shelters/vans buses/bus shelters/vans bill boards bill boards sporting events/concerts sporting events/concerts t-shirts/labels/carrier bags t-shirts/labels/carrier bags shop windows shop windows packets, leaflets, classified ads packets, leaflets, classified ads internet internet

3. Function of advertising Introduce new products Introduce new products Increase sales Increase sales To provide information To provide information Though it adds to the cost of products it reduces the cost to the public of TV, radio, concerts, festivals, sporting events, newspapers and magazines Though it adds to the cost of products it reduces the cost to the public of TV, radio, concerts, festivals, sporting events, newspapers and magazines

4. Effective Advertising Appeals to the consumer Appeals to the consumer Entices the consumer to try a new/improved product or service Entices the consumer to try a new/improved product or service

5. Techniques/Language Adverts portray products in best possible way Adverts portray products in best possible way No faults pointed out No faults pointed out Language designed to work on our emotions Language designed to work on our emotions Advertising is designed around: Advertising is designed around: love/romance humour/music love/romance humour/music glamour envy/social acceptance glamour envy/social acceptance guilt colour guilt colour fear/insecurity public figures fear/insecurity public figures Ads are about persuasion Ads are about persuasion Think about the product don’t be misled Think about the product don’t be misled

6. Control of advertising Standards set to ensure consumers are not misled Standards set to ensure consumers are not misled Some standards are legal some are voluntary Some standards are legal some are voluntary Legal control: Legal control: Consumer Information Act 1978 Consumer Information Act 1978 EU Misleading Advertising Directive EU Misleading Advertising Directive Employment Equality Act Employment Equality Act Voluntary controls: Voluntary controls: Advertising Standards Authority of Ireland (ASAI) monitors ads to ensure they are Advertising Standards Authority of Ireland (ASAI) monitors ads to ensure they are legal, decent, honest and truthful legal, decent, honest and truthful

7. Advantages and Disadvantages of Advertising Advantages: Gives information Provides employment Increases sales which improves economy Keeps down cost of concerts, magazines, TV etc… Disadvantages: Can mislead Increases price of product Causes dissatisfaction with ordinary life Encourages overspending Can reinforce stereotypes Can effect natural environment eg. billboards

8. Marketing A business that specialises in making products sell A business that specialises in making products sell Techniques include: Techniques include: Advertising Advertising Packaging Packaging Sales promotions (free gift) Sales promotions (free gift) Public relations activities eg. product sponsoring a charity Public relations activities eg. product sponsoring a charity

9. Market Research Carried out by market research companies using questionnaires to discover likes and dislikes of consumers Carried out by market research companies using questionnaires to discover likes and dislikes of consumers This information is used to develop products and adverts etc. that appeal more to the target market This information is used to develop products and adverts etc. that appeal more to the target market

10. Shopping Outlets Small independent shops e.g. often family run Small independent shops e.g. often family run Supermarkets e.g. Supervalu Supermarkets e.g. Supervalu Department stores e.g. Brown Thomas Department stores e.g. Brown Thomas Chain Stores e.g. Dunnes Chain Stores e.g. Dunnes Voluntary Chain Stores e.g. Mace, Spar Voluntary Chain Stores e.g. Mace, Spar Specialist Shops e.g. clothes, butcher, bakery Specialist Shops e.g. clothes, butcher, bakery Discount Store e.g. Argos Discount Store e.g. Argos

11. Other Shopping Outlets Shopping Centres e.g. Blanchardstown Shopping Centres e.g. Blanchardstown Street market Street market Mobile shop Mobile shop Vending Machine Vending Machine Auctions Auctions Mail order e.g. Family Album Mail order e.g. Family Album Doorstep selling Doorstep selling Party Selling e.g. Tupperware Party Selling e.g. Tupperware Online Shopping e.g. amazon.com Online Shopping e.g. amazon.com

12. Changes in Shopping Self-service Self-service Expanding range of products Expanding range of products Closure of local shops Closure of local shops More chain stores More chain stores Shopping centres Shopping centres Weekly shopping Weekly shopping Few give credit Few give credit Late night and Sunday shopping Late night and Sunday shopping Online shopping Online shopping Barcodes and Scanners Barcodes and Scanners Self checkout counters Self checkout counters

13. Self Service Advantages Quick, convenient Quick, convenient Browse & select Browse & select Goods well displayed Goods well displayed Goods priced clearly Goods priced clearly Lower staff cost, Lower staff cost, less expensive less expensive Quick turnover, Quick turnover, fresher goods fresher goods Wide range of products Wide range of products Disadvantages Less personal More difficult for disabled and elderly Tempts impulse buying Queuing at checkout No credit given

14. Shopping Guidelines Shop around, compare prices Shop around, compare prices Use a list Use a list Do a weekly shop Do a weekly shop Avoid impulse buying Avoid impulse buying Make use of sales and special offers Make use of sales and special offers Think of the environment, reusable bags, packaging, air miles, chemicals etc.. Think of the environment, reusable bags, packaging, air miles, chemicals etc..

15. Paying for goods and services MethodAdvantagesDisadvantages Cash Simple, cheapest Could lose the cash Debit Card (Laser) Can use over phone or internet Charge, can’t be used for small amounts Credit Card 28 days interest-free credit High interest rate if debt not cleared Cheque Useful for postal payments May involved bank charges Direct Debit Bills paid for you on time by the bank Charged by bank. Risk of too many direct debits

16. Techniques used by shops to encourage spending Music, warmth, smells Music, warmth, smells Attractive displays Attractive displays Products at checkout Products at checkout Luxuries at eye level, essentials lower down Luxuries at eye level, essentials lower down Essentials far away from checkout Essentials far away from checkout Heavy goods at entrance to get customers to take a trolley e.g. vegetables Associated items placed together eg.soft drinks/crisps Special offers, free samples, 2 for 3, buy 1 get 1 free etc.. Loss Leaders

17. Reasons For Packaging Protects product from damage and contamination Protects product from damage and contamination Convenience – transporting, storing, selling Convenience – transporting, storing, selling Carries information Carries information Preservation – vacuum pack, cans Preservation – vacuum pack, cans Marketing Marketing Protects consumers from dangerous products Protects consumers from dangerous products

18. Characteristics needed in Packaging Materials Strong Strong Hygienic Hygienic Safe Safe Easy to open Easy to open Resealable Resealable Reusable, recyclable or biodegradable Reusable, recyclable or biodegradable

19. Forms of Packaging Paper: plain, cardboard, waxed, laminated Paper: plain, cardboard, waxed, laminated (to make airtight and waterproof eg. milk carton) (to make airtight and waterproof eg. milk carton) Plastic: bags, cling film, cartons, boxes, bottles Plastic: bags, cling film, cartons, boxes, bottles Metal: tin cans, aluminium cans, aluminium foil trays, Metal: tin cans, aluminium cans, aluminium foil trays, aluminium foil aluminium foil Glass: bottles or jars, plain or coloured glass Glass: bottles or jars, plain or coloured glass

20. Disadvantages of packaging products Adds to cost Adds to cost Can pollute environment esp if non-biodegradable Can pollute environment esp if non-biodegradable Uses up non-renewable resources or natural resources eg. plastic (oil), paper (trees), metals Uses up non-renewable resources or natural resources eg. plastic (oil), paper (trees), metals Packaging can deceive Packaging can deceive Product may have to be bought in larger amounts than needed causing waste Product may have to be bought in larger amounts than needed causing waste

21. Labelling – why? To identify product To provide consumer information To sell the product

22. Information on Labels Contents/ingredients Contents/ingredients Net weight Net weight Brand name Brand name Storage instructions Storage instructions Instructions for use Instructions for use Safety warnings Safety warnings Manufacturers name and address Manufacturers name and address Colour Number in packet Care/cleaning instructions Origin Quality/standard Date stamp Size

23. Food Labelling See textbook See textbook

24. Date Stamp Use by: food must be eaten by this date Use by: food must be eaten by this date used on food with shelf life of < 6 weeks used on food with shelf life of < 6 weeks Sell By: same as above but Sell By: same as above but allows for 2/3 days storage at home after date allows for 2/3 days storage at home after date Best before: used on food with shelf life of 3-18months Best before: used on food with shelf life of 3-18months

25. Why instructions? Labels often carry instructions for the storage/use/cooking/care/cleaning etc. of a product Labels often carry instructions for the storage/use/cooking/care/cleaning etc. of a product To use the product correctly To use the product correctly To avoid waste To avoid waste For safety reasons For safety reasons To avoid damaging the product To avoid damaging the product

26. Pricing Pricing  By law the price of products must be : displayed on the product or displayed on the product or on the shelf or on the shelf or on a display near the product on a display near the product Unit Price = price per unit eg. per gram or kg or litre Unit Price = price per unit eg. per gram or kg or litre Foods sold loosely and weighed at time of purchase must have unit price displayed beside them Foods sold loosely and weighed at time of purchase must have unit price displayed beside them Some prepacked foods eg. cheese have Some prepacked foods eg. cheese have unit price per kilo on them unit price per kilo on them In shops that use bar codes the unit price is displayed on the shelf along with the normal price In shops that use bar codes the unit price is displayed on the shelf along with the normal price Unit pricing makes it easier to compare prices Unit pricing makes it easier to compare prices

27. Bar-codes Set of black lines and spaces printed on a product Set of black lines and spaces printed on a product Read using a laser scanner at the checkout Read using a laser scanner at the checkout Every product has its own bar-code Every product has its own bar-code Advantages: Advantages: Stock and sales accounted for Stock and sales accounted for Individual pricing not necessary, display price on shelf Individual pricing not necessary, display price on shelf Detailed receipt giving product name & price Detailed receipt giving product name & price Quicker at checkout Quicker at checkout