1. The Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Anaerobic Exercise Performance By: Nick Wall & Jeff Rothstein

2. Outline Physiological Introduction Effects of Creatine Supplementation Experiment results –Performance –Dosage Conclusion

3. Introduction Anaerobic exercise performance: –Maintained for very short duration –Muscular fatigue & exhaustion reached –Energy requirement met by ATP

4. Introduction (cont.) ATP + ATPase (enzyme)  ADP + Pi + energy –ATP used for energy produces ADP –PCr high energy molecule Used to regenerate ATP –ATP and PCr limited in body Depleted quickly during anaerobic performance Limit affects duration –PCr + ADP + H+  ATP + Cr

5. Introduction (cont.) 3 energy systems in the human body: –ATP-PCr system –Glycolytic system –Oxidative system

6. ATP-PCr system Immediate fuel sources are ATP, PCr, and ADP ADP is reformed into ATP by PCr or another ADP molecule Creatine kinase breaks PCr into Pi and Cr Pi is paired with ADP forming new ATP Lasts 10-30 seconds (Linderman, Redondo, Wilmore)

7. Glycolytic System Glucose found in blood and glycogen stored in muscles or liver –Converted to glucose-6-phosphate Anaerobic Glycolysis –12 enzymatic reactions Breakdown glycogen to lactic acid without oxygen Net gain - Glucose yields 2 ATP, Glycogen yields 3 ATP Lasts 20-120 seconds – high intensity exercise

8. Oxidative System 3 Processes to produce ATP: –Aerobic glycolysis –Krebs Cycle –Electron Transport Chain Slow in producing ATP Tremendous energy-yielding capacity Used in endurance events (Wilmore)

9. Creatine Supplementation Effects on Body PCr PCr occurs naturally in the muscles of the body Creatine obtained through diet (Chwalbinska-Moneta, Redondo) –Increased levels of dietary creatine Increase levels of PCr in the muscles??? Increase synthesis of ATP??? PCr levels high?

10. Creatine Supplementation Effects on Body PCr (cont.) Studies suggest creatine supplementation –Increases levels of PCr in the muscles (Burke, Hamilton, Mujika, Tarnopolsky) –Increasing PCr in the body results in More ATP produced during high intensity exercise. Useful Force –Increases in strength? –Increases in speed? Creatine = ergogenic aid (Hamilton, Ostojic, Redondo, Tarnopolsky)

11. Summary of Experiments on Results Results vary proving creatine as ergogenic aid –Positive results for power increase –Delayed onset of fatigue –Mixed results on increases of speed –Mixed results on decreased sprint times Creatine proven effective –Proper dosages Low PCr = Low ATP = Less energy = Slower start? Forgot my creatine this morning!

12. Summary (cont.) Tests performed –Creatine increased power –Creatine decreased fatigue –Tests producing negative results Protocol durations too long Once exceeding immediate energy system capabilities –Non-oxidative system used primarily »Doesn’t use PCr

13. Results Creatine supplementation –Increase in PCr concentrations in muscles –More PCr to re-synthesize ATP –Dosage affects results 20g / day * 5-8 days –Mixed results Appears high dosage for 5-8 days –Enough time for muscles to increase PCr concentrations 7.7g / day * 21 days –Significant increase in power –Significant delay of fatigue –Amount and time frame consumed main factor

14. Results Studies yielding no results –Affected by dosage and/or duration –Trained or not –Most studies on athletes Different results compared to athlete vs. non-athlete Creatine might not affect the already trained individual Overall –Supplementation needs to follow dosage and duration –Protocol for testing must utilize immediate energy system (>10-30 seconds)

15. Table of Results

16. Non-Performance Related Findings Adverse Effects –Protective effects –Gastrointestinal disturbances –Muscle cramps –Liver and kidney dysfunction –Well controlled studies almost nonexistent (Poortmans)

17. Body Composition –28d period Used Phosphagen HP (creatine + glucose/taurine electrolyte supplement) Body weight increased No differences in % of total body water (Kreider) –42d period Body mass increased –Not attributed to water retention –Muscle growth (Francaux) Non-Performance Related Findings

18. Conclusion Muscle cells have 2 high energy substrates –ATP and PCr –ATP fuels the working muscle –Converted to ADP during use –PCr converts ADP back to ATP –Provides more immediate energy Immediate energy system –First 10-30 seconds on maximal sprint

19. Conclusion (cont.) Short term use –<6 days does not affect performance Dosage –<20g during short term use results in no change –Most important factor >20g/day for more than 5 days provided results Low dose for long term provides results

20. Questions?

21. References Burke, Darren G., Shawn Silver, Laurence E. Holt, Truis Smith-Palmer, Christopher J. Culligan, and Philip D. Chilibeck. The Effect of Continuous Low Dose Creatine Supplementation on Force, Power, and Total Work. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2000; 10: 235-244 Burke, Louise M., David B. Pyne, and Richard D. Telford. Effect of Oral Creatine Supplementation on Single- Effort Sprint Performance in Elite Swimmers. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 1996; 6: 222-233 Chwalbinska-Moneta, Jolanta. Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Aerobic Performance and Anaerobic Capacity in Elite Rowers in the Course of Endurance Training. International Journal of Sports Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2003; 13: 173-183a Delecluse, C, R. Diels, M. Goris. Effect of Creatine Supplementation on Intermittent Sprint Running Performance in Highly Trained Athletes. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2003; 17: 446-454 Francaux, Marc, J.R. Poortmans. Effect of Training and Creatine Supplement on Muscle Strength and Body Mass. European Journal of Applied Physiology and Occupational Physiology 1999; 80: 165-168 Hamilton, Karyn L., Michael C. Meyers, William A. Skelly, and Robert J. Marley. Oral Creatine Supplementation and Upper Extremity Anaerobic Response in Females. International Journal of Sport and Exercise Metabolism 2000; 10: 277-289 Juhn, Mark S. Oral Creatine Supple-mentation: Separating Fact From Hype. The Physician and Sportsmedicine 1999; 27: 47-61 Kreider, R.B, M. Ferreira, M. Wilson. Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Body Composition, Strength, and Sprint Performance. Occupational Health and Industrial Medicine 1998; 38: 203 Hoffman, J.R, J.R. Stout, M.J. Falvo, J. Kang, N.A. Ratamess. Effect of Low-Dose, Short-Duration Creatine Supplementation on Anaerobic Exercise Performance. Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research 2005; 19: 260-264

22. References (cont.) Linderman, Jon K. and Kristin L. Gosselink. The Effects of Sodium Bicarbonate Ingestion of Exercise Performance. Sports Medicine 1994; 18(2): 75-80 Maughan, Ronald J. Creatine Supple-mentation and Exercise Performance. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 1995; 5: 94-101 Mujika, I., S. Padilla, J. Ibanez, M. Izquierdo, and E. Gorostiaga. Creatine supplementation and sprint performance in soccer players. Medicine and Science in Sports and Exercise 2000; by American College of Sports Medicine Ostojic, Sergej M. Creatine Supple-mentation in Young Soccer Players. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2004; 14: 95-103 Poortmans, J.R, M. Francaux. Adverse Effects of Creatine Supplementation: Fact or Fiction? Sports Medicine 2000; 30: 155-170 Redondo, Diego R., Elizabeth A. Dowling, Bryan L. Graham, Anthony L. Almada, and Melvin H. Williams. The Effect of Oral Creatine Monohydrate Supplementation on Running Velocity. International Journal of Sport Nutrition 1996; 6: 213-221 Tarnopolsky, Mark A. and Dan P. MacLennan. Creatine Monohydrate Supple-mentation Enhances High-Intensity Exercise Performance in Males and Females. International Journal of Sport Nutrition and Exercise Metabolism 2000; 10: 452-463 Toler, Stephen M. Creatine Is an Ergogen for Anaerobic Exercise. Nutrition Reviews 1997; 55: 21-23 Wilmore, Jack H and David L. Costill. Physiology of Sport and Exercise. 2004: 122-130