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Observations Qualitative Quantitative (measurements) Two parts needed

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Presentation on theme: "Observations Qualitative Quantitative (measurements) Two parts needed"— Presentation transcript:

1 Observations Qualitative Quantitative (measurements) Two parts needed
Observed directly Color, texture, magnetic, state of matter, etc Quantitative (measurements) Two parts needed Number AND unit (Naked numbers are meaningless)

2 Examples of Units

3 Why do we need standard units?

4 Units English system “unrelated” units 1 ft = 12 in Metric system
Units related by powers of 10 Units can be made larger or smaller with prefixes

5 English System Mass: 1 pound = 16 ounces Length: 1 foot = 12 inches
1 yard = 3 feet Volume: 1 gallon = 4 quarts 1 quart = 2 pints = 32 ounces 1 pint = 2 cups

6 Metric System Mass: gram (g) Length: meter (m) Volume: liter (L)

7 Need to know: Metric Prefixes English system relationships
Useful relationships for converting between systems

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11 Converting between units Dimensional Analysis Factor-Label Method
1. Within same system 2. Between systems BOTH require a conversion factor

12 Metric System Can change size of the unit by applying a prefix
1 kilometer (km) = 1000 meters (m) kilo = 1000

13 Conversion factor Convert from millimeters (mm) to meters (m)
Start with equivalence statement 1 m = mm Can divide to get conversion factor

14 1 m = mm mm 1000 mm OR 1 m = mm 1m 1 m 1m = 1 = mm 1000mm m Can always multiply something by “1” safely

15 Converting from one unit to another
How many km are there in 200 m? Have m Want km Know 1 km = 1000 m 200m x 1 km = km m Use conversion factor that will let units cancel to give wanted unit

16 Does your answer make sense?
How many km are there in 200 m? Going from m (a small unit) to km (larger unit), so we should have fewer km than m Answer: km (fewer km than m)

17 200m x 1 km = km m Which conversion factor do we want? Units to be cancelled on bottom Units wanted on top

18 Converting between systems
Set up same way, except that you need a conversion (bridging) unit between the two systems 1 lb = 454 g How many pounds are there in 114 grams?

19 114 g x 1 lb = 0.25 lb 454g

20 Uncertainty in Measurements
Measurement is only as good as the “measuring” instrument Must choose an appropriate device To weigh your cat, should you use a truck weigh station or a baby scale? Why?

21 The number of digits that you can actually “count” for a real measurement depends upon the measuring device. Includes all measured number plus one “uncertain” last digit, which is estimated Can only estimate one place beyond the lines or marks

22 Significant figures - all digits in a number representing data or results that are known with certainty plus one uncertain digit.

23 Suppose that two people read the bottom ruler and get measurements of 5.36 cm and 5.37 cm.
Which one is the correct reading?

24 5.4 cm +/ cm (5.3 – 5.5 cm) 5.36 cm +/ cm ( cm) Which has less uncertainty? 5.4 (ca 2%) (ca 0.2%)

25 Uncertainty in Measurements
Measuring device determines uncertainty and number of significant digits (numbers that have meaning)

26 Accuracy and Precision
Accuracy: How close measurements are to actual value Precision: How close measurements are to each other

27 Figure: 01-25


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