1. MMFW Madison, Wisconsin 6 May 2011 D.J. Den Hartog, R. M. Magee, S.T.A. Kumar, V.V. Mirnov (University of Wisconsin–Madison) D. Craig (Wheaton College) G. Fiksel (Laboratory for Laser Energetics) J.B. Titus (Florida A&M University)

2. Ions are heated impulsively during magnetic reconnection. Energy is transferred from the equilibrium magnetic field to ion thermal energy. Heating time (100 μs) is much faster than i-e collision time (10 ms). Power flow from equilibrium magnetic field is larger than Ohmic input power. P mag ~ 10 kJ/ 100  s = 100 MW P ohmic ~ 5 MW

3. Outline Magnetic reconnection in MST Majority ion energy distribution – Neutron flux measurements – Neutral particle energy spectra Impurity ion temperature – CHERS measurements of local C +6 T perp and T par Small population of fast ions generated during reconnection Anisotropy with T perp > T par during heating

4. The Madison Symmetric Torus is a large, moderate current reversed field pinch. R = 1.5 mI p ~ 400 kAn e = 0.4 - 2.0 x 10 19 m -3 a = 0.52 mB = 0.5 TT i,e = 0.2 - 2 keV

5. Magnetic reconnection in MST is impulsive and periodic. Reconnection events are characterized by a burst of resistive tearing mode activity.

6. Much is known about ion heating in MST. Equilibrium magnetic field is the ultimate energy source. The heating rate is very large (3-10 MeV/s). The majority ion heating efficiency ~ m 1/2. Fully-developed magnetic turbulence is required (i.e. m=0 is a necessary condition). Impurities tend to be hotter than the majority ions. However, a comprehensive theoretical model of the heating mechanism remains elusive.

7. Measurements of majority ion energy distribution

8. Neutron flux measurements provide information about ion energies. D-D fusion reaction produces neutrons, Neutron emission rate is a function of ion energy and density, A small number of fast ions can produce as many neutrons as a thermal plasma.

9. Neutron flux measurements do not agree with predictions using Maxwellian assumption. Measured neutron flux is much larger than expected for thermal ions

10. D0D0 D+D+ electrostatic energy analyzer He stripping cell electron multiplier Information about f i can be obtained from neutral flux measurements. The neutral flux is related to f i (v,x) by Attenuation (α) and neutral density profile (n a ) are known, so information about f i can be extracted.

11. Derived ion energy spectrum reveals a significant tail in ion distribution function. f i (E) is well-modeled by f i (E) = A exp(-E/T) + B E -γ after reconnection before reconnection Spectral index varies with density decreases rapidly during reconnection events

12. Fast ion density 2-6% in low density case, <1% in high.

13. Ion acceleration mechanisms

14. Characteristics: core amplitude ~ 50 V/m duration ~ 100 μs extends across minor radius to suppress current in the core and drive current in the edge Ion acceleration from parallel electric field has been used elsewhere (MAST, ZETA) to explain suprathermal ion population. Plausible scenario for MST. E || induced during reconnection can accelerate ions to high energies. (Courtesy of W. Ding.)

15. Ions bouncing off of moving magnetic mirrors can gain energy (Fermi acceleration). First proposed by Fermi (1949) to explain high energy cosmic rays. Applied to Earth’s magnetosphere to explain high energy electrons (Drake, 2006). Predicts beta dependent power law energy distribution (γ = 3.7 for β=0.16).

16. Measurements of impurity ion temperature

17. CHERS can measure both T perp and T par locally. CHarge Exchange Recombination Spectroscopy measures C +6 impurity ion temperature. (Courtesy of S. Oliva.)

18. Impurity ion temperature anisotropy is observed during reconnection heating. T perp > T par during heating implies perpendicular heating mechanism. ΔT par decreases with density, ΔT perp does not. Anisotropy increases with density, contrary to expectation from collisional isotropization.

19. T perp,D T perp,C T par,C T par,D energy Energy flows through multiple channels. Cranmer et. al. Astrophys. J. 518, (1999)

20. Inverse density dependence of ΔT par reproduced by model with varying Z eff Known impurities (C, B, O, N, Al) included in proportion to give: Z eff = 4.2 in low density Z eff = 2.0 in high density

21. Summary High energy tail appears in majority ion distribution function. Generated at reconnection. Well-described by power law. A few percent of total density, with energy ~ 1 - 5+ keV. Ion runaway and Fermi acceleration are possible mechanisms. Impurity ion anisotropy appears during heating with T perp > T par. Implies perpendicular heating mechanism (ICRH or stochastic heating). Density dependence of anisotropy may be due to changing relative impurity content.