2.  Where do attitudes come from?  What do we have attitudes on?  How do implicit and explicit attitudes related?  What does the meta-cognitive model say about this?  Wilson’s dual attitude approach?  What are attitude structure events?

3.  Cognitive dissonance theory (Festinger, 1957)  “New looks” of dissonance theory?  What can we do in response to dissonance?  How has it changed?  What are embodied effects on persuasion?

4.  What does the ELM predict  High vs. low EL—what determines?  Senior comprehensive exam paradigm  Heuristic systematic model (Eagly & Chaiken, 1986)

5.  What does it add to ELM?  How can variables affect attitudes?  How do these have an effect (various ways)?  Expertise  Attractiveness  Strength of arguments  Minority status  Emotions

6.  How does it explain self-affirmation theory?  TMT?

7.  LaPiere, 1934  Wicker, 1969  When do attitudes predict behavior?  Recent approaches:  Accessibility  Theory of reasoned action (Fishbein & Ajzen, 1980)  Theory of planned behavior (Ajzen, 1991)

8.  What is a meta-analysis?  What effects do fear appeals have?  How does time affect emotion and behavioral change?  Moderators?  Any problems with the meta-analysis?

9.  Why has public understanding not kept up with climate change science?  Why less in 2008? Other countries?  Why do people have trouble understanding climate change?  How can we fix this?