1. 1 W06D1 Current, Current Density, Resistance and Ohm’s Law, Magnetic Field, Magnetic Force Today’s Reading Assignment: Current, Current Density, and Resistance and Ohm’s Law, Magnetic Fields and Forces Course Notes: Sections 6.1-6.5, 8.1-8.3

2. Announcements Week 6 Problem Solving and Math Review Tuesday from 9-11 pm in 26-152 PS 5 due Week 6 Tuesday at 9 pm in boxes outside 32-082 or 26-152 W06D2 Reading Assignment Course Notes: Magnetic Forces, Currents & Dipoles; Sections 8.3, 9.1-9.2 Exam 2 Thursday March 21 7:30 - 9:30 pm 2

3. 3 Outline Current and Current Density Resistance and Ohm’s Law Magnetic Field Magnetic Forces

4. 4 Current: Flow Of Charge Units of Current: Coulomb/second = Ampere Average current I av : Charge flowing across area A in time Instantaneous current: differential limit of I av

5. 5 How Big is an Ampere? Household Electronics Battery Powered Household Service Lightning Bolt To hurt you To throw you To kill you Fuse/Circuit Breaker ~1 A ~100 mA (1-10 A-Hr) 100 A 10 to 100 kA 40 (5) mADC(AC) 60 (15) mADC(AC) 0.5 (0.1) ADC(AC) 15-30 A

6. 6 Direction of the Current Direction of current is direction of flow of pos. charge or, opposite direction of flow of negative charge

7. 7 Why Does A Skydiver Fall At Constant Speed (eventually)?

8. 8

9. 9 When you first jump you are accelerating downward at g As you build up speed, you encounter aerodynamic drag (proportional to speed squared) which decreases your acceleration Eventually your downward speed is large enough that the aero drag exactly balances downward force of gravity, and you no longer accelerate Then you move at constant speed, “terminal velocity”

10. 10 Why Does Current Flow? If an electric field is set up in a conductor, charge will move (making a current in direction of E) Note that when current is flowing, the conductor is not an equipotential surface (and E inside ≠ 0)!

11. 11 Microscopic Picture Drift velocity is the average velocity forced by applied electric field in the presence of collisions. Magnitude is typically 4x10 -5 m/sec, or 0.04 mm/second! To go one meter at this speed takes about 10 hours!

12. 12 Summary Current: Charge Displacement Drift speed

13. 13 Current Density J Let n = number of charged objects per unit volume q = charge of object = drift velocity of object The current density is current per unit area Generalization for many charged moving objects

14. 14 Current and Current Density J Current is the flow (flux) of current density through an open surface Special case: uniform and perpendicular to surface

15. P18 - 15 Concept Question: Current Density A current I = 200 mA flows in the wire below. What is the magnitude of the current density J? 20 cm 10 cm 5 cm 1.J = 40 mA/cm 2.J = 20 mA/cm 3.J = 10 mA/cm 4.J = 1 mA/cm 2 5.J = 2 mA/cm 2 6.J = 4 mA/cm 2

16. P18 - 16 Concept Q. Answer: Current Density The area that matters is the cross-sectional area that the current is punching through – the 50 cm 2 area shaded grey. So: J = I/A = 200 mA/50 cm 2 = 4 mA/cm 2 Answer: 6. J = 4 mA/cm 2 20 cm 10 cm 5 cm

17. 17 Conductivity and Resistivity σ c : conductivity  r : resistivity Ability of current to flow depends on density of charges & rate of scattering Two quantities summarize this:

18. 18 Microscopic Ohm’s Law  and  depend only on the microscopic properties of the material, not on its shape

19. 19 Demonstrations: Temperature Effects on Resistance F4 Conducting Glass F1 Conductivity of Ionizing Water F5 http://tsgphysics.mit.edu/front/?page=demo.php&letnum=F%204&show=0 http://tsgphysics.mit.edu/front/?page=demo.php&letnum=F%205&show=0 http://tsgphysics.mit.edu/front/?page=demo.php&letnum=F%201&show=0

20. 20 Why Does Current Flow? Instead of thinking of Electric Field, think of potential difference across the conductor

21. 21 Ohm’s Law What is relationship between electric potential difference and current?

22. 22 Ohm’s Law R has units of Ohms (  ) = Volts/Amp

23. 23 How Big is an Ohm? Short Copper Wire Notebook paper (thru) Typical resistors You (when dry) You (when wet) Internally (hand to foot) milliohms (m ) ~1 G  to 100 M 100 k 1 k 500 Stick your wet fingers in an electrical socket: You’re dead!

24. P18 - 24 Concept Question: Resistance When a current flows in a wire of length L and cross sectional area A, the resistance of the wire is 1.Proportional to A; inversely proportional to L. 2.Proportional to both A and L. 3.Proportional to L; inversely proportional to A. 4.Inversely proportional to both L and A

25. P18 - 25 Concept Question Answer: Resistance The longer the wire the higher the resistance. The bigger the cross-sectional area of the wire, the more ways that current can flow through it, so the lower the resistance. So, if resistivity is, then 3. Proportional to L; inversely proportional to A.

26. Group Problem: Calculating Resistance 26 Consider a hollow cylinder of length L and inner radius a and outer radius b. The material has resistivity . Suppose a potential difference is applied between the ends of the cylinder and produces a current flowing parallel to the axis. What is the resistance measured?

27. 27 Magnetic Fields

28. 28 Magnetic Field of the Earth North magnetic pole located in southern hemisphere http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=AtDAOxaJ4Ms

29. 29 Demonstrations: Magnetic Field Lines of a Bar Magnet G2 Magnetic Field Lines of a Single Wire G12 http://tsgphysics.mit.edu/front/?page=demo.php&letnum=G%202&show=0 http://tsgphysics.mit.edu/front/?page=demo.php&letnum=G%2012&show=0

30. 30 How Big is a Tesla? Earth’s Field Brain (at scalp) Refrigerator Magnet Inside MRI Good NMR Magnet Biggest in Lab Biggest in Pulsars 5 x 10 -5 T = 0.5 Gauss ~1 fT 1 mT 3 T 18 T 150 T (pulsed) 10 8 T

31. 31 Moving Charges Feel Magnetic Force Magnetic force perpendicular both to: Velocity v of charge and magnetic field B

32. P18 - 32 Concept Question: Units Magnetic Field What are the correct SI units for the magnetic field? 1.C/N-m-s 2.N-m-s/C 3.N/C 4.N-s/C-m 5.C-m/N-s

33. 33 Concept Q. Answer: B Field Units This is called 1 Tesla (T) Since

34. 34 Cross Product: Magnitude Computing magnitude of cross product A x B: area of parallelogram

35. 35 Cross Product: Direction Right Hand Rule #1: 1)Curl fingers of right hand so that you are moving A into B through the smallest angle 2) Thumb will point in direction of C

36. 36

37. 37 Cross Product: Direction Right Hand Rule #1: 1)Curl fingers of right hand so that you are moving A into B through the smallest angle 2) Thumb will point in direction of C

38. 38 Cross Product: Signs Cross Product is Cyclic (left column) Anti-commutative: Switching vectors changes sign (right column)

39. P18 - 39 Concept Question: Cross Product An electron is traveling to the right with speed v in a magnetic field that points up. What is the direction of the force on the electron 1.up 2.down 3.left 4.right 5.into page 6.out of page

40. P18 - 40 Concept Question Answer: Cross Product and Magnetic Force Answer: 5. points out of the page but the charge of the electron is negative so points into the page.

41. 41 Demonstration: Magnetic Deflection of TV Image G6 http://tsgphysics.mit.edu/front/?page=demo.php&letnum=G%206&show=0

42. 42 Concept Question: Force Direction Is this picture (deflection direction) correct? 1.Yes 2.No 3.I don’t know

43. 43 Concept Q. Answer: Force Direction Field from N to S, beam velocity right to left, cross product is up. But charges are negative so force is down, as pictured. Answer: 1. Yes

44. 44 Putting it Together: Lorentz Force Force on charged particles in electric and magnetic fields Electric Force Magnetic Force

45. 45 Velocity Selector Particle moves in a straight line when

46. 46 What Kind of Motion in Uniform B Field?

47. 47 Group Problem: Cyclotron Motion A charged particle with charge q is moving with speed v in a uniform magnetic field B as shown in the figure. (1) Draw a sketch of the orbit Find (2) R : radius of the circle (3) T : period of the motion (4)  : cyclotron angular frequency