1. Muhammad Saifullah Bin Mohamed Azmi (1100314)
Stress Testing
TK5413 ISLAMIC RISK MANAGEMENT
Muhammad Saifullah Bin Mohamed Azmi ( )

2. Content Introduction to Stress Testing Stress Test & Bank Regulation
Roles of Stress Testing
Scenario & Sensitivity Analyses
Stress Testing in Islamic Financial Institutions‘.
Conducting Stress Test
Limitation of Stress Test
References

3. Stress Testing Definition
“A range of techniques used to access the vulnerability of portfolio to major changes in the macroenomic environment or to exceptional but plausible event.”
The objective of stress test is to make risk more transparent by estimating the potential losses on a portfolio in abnormal market.
It is often used to complement the internal model and management systems used by the financial institution for capital allocation decision.

4. Stress Test & Bank Regulations
Stress testing techniques began to be applied widely by internationally active bank in the early 1990’s and now most of large financial institutions.
Banking supervisors and regulators have sanctioned the use of stress test as an important component of internal-model approach to market-risk monitoring.
The Basel Committee on Banking Supervision (BCBS) highlighted the need of stress testing in they published the “Amendment to the Capital Accord Incorporate Market Risk” in January 1996.
National bank supervisor and regulators (including Bank Negara) have issued their own guideline on stress testing in accordance with the principle laid down by BCBS.
According to Bank Negara guideline for Stress Testing (see page 5), it also applicable for Islamic banks, Takaful and Retakaful operator.

5. Role of Stress Test
Standard Risk Management tool for licensed institutions to understand the nature of their risk profile.
Help to identify the possible future unfavorable event that would affect on institution.
Help to identify exceptional but plausible event that can affect the institution if it really happened in the future.
To complement statistical model such as VaR by providing the assess the effect of tail event beyond the level of confidence assumed in the statistical model.
To be used in portfolio that lack of historical data which basically hard to build a statistical model due to insufficient data.

6. Categories of Stress Test
Scenario Analysis
Sensitivity Analysis

7. Scenario Analysis Scenario Analysis
The historical scenario involves the reconstruction of historical events and involves less judgment as it reflects actual stress market condition.
Hypothetical scenario means simulating shocks to events that have not yet happened or have no historical precedent.

8. Common Stress Test Scenarios
Example of Scenarios
Common Stress Test Scenarios
Category
Historical
Hypothetical
Equities
Asian financial crisis 1997
Terrorist attacks 2001
Hypothetical stock market crashes
Terrorist attack
Interest Rate Products
Historical interest rate increase and decrease
US tightening
Increase in inflation expectations.
Japanese monetary outlook
Commodities
When price of oil per barrel hiked, the price of raw rubber also increased.
Commodity crisis
Middle east unrest
Oil Shortage

9. Sensitivity Analysis
Study on how the variation (uncertainty) in the output of a statistical model can be attributed to different variations in the inputs of the model. 
Technique for systematically changing variables in a model to determine the effects of such changes.
Sensitivity Analysis

10. Scenario & Sensitivity Analysis
It is somewhat unavoidable to distinguish between Scenario based analysis and sensitivity test
In the sense that some scenario based analysis implicitly assume some scenario for sensitivity correlation estimators.

11. Conducting Stress Test
Type of Shock
Individual market
variables
Underlying
volatilities
correlation
Type of Scenario
Type of Risk Model
Market Risk
Credit Risk
Other
Type of Stress Test
Sensitivity
Scenario
Historical
Hypothetical
Monte Carlo Simulation

12. Stress Test in Islamic Financial Institutions
Islamic Financial Institutions' exposed to market risk through 4 type of risk namely:-
Rate of return risk
Commodity Price Risk (Murabaha, Istisna’, Salam)
FX rate risk
Equity price risk (Musharakah, Murabahah)

13. Commodity Price Risk (Murabaha, Istisna’, Salam)
The behavior of commodities in Islamic Finance are driven both by direct & indirect by many different risk factor.
Price Risk
Cost Risk
Market Influence Risk
FX Rate Risk
Quantity Risk
Future Delivery Risk
Inverse Price Risk
Risk Exposed

14. Equity Price Risk (Musharakah, Mudaraba)
This type of risk can arise from the contract due to “profit & loss” sharing that is driven by the share in the investment equity.
Can result in equity price risk
Therefore:-
The more the complex the contract, the more risk exposure.
Because even simple portfolio carry more than one market risk factor.

15. Limitation of Stress Testing
It is based on projected scenarios and not real event, thus it is hard to choose the “right” event to be tested.
The cost incurred maybe expensive.
Wrong input will lead to wrong output. Thus wrong interpretation.
Only calculate “what would happen if” scenarios not the probability that such event would happen.
Limited to only portfolio which closely related to the market risk.

16. References Guideline for Stress Testing, Bank Negara Malaysia.
Stress Testing; Challenge yourself before being Challenged, Ernst & Young (2009).
Stress Testing of Financial Systems; An Overview of Issues, Methodologies' & FSAP Experiences, IMF Working Paper (2001)

17. The End