2. 2  EPA standards for fuel economy and harmful emissions  Health and environmental effects of hydrocarbon fuel combustion  Idle reduction  Immediate savings after implementation  Reduced consumption of foreign oil Introduction

3. 3 Lesson 1: Introduction to Idle Reduction

4. 4 Objectives  Describe what idle reduction is  Explain the basic history of idle reduction strategies and technologies  Describe how implementing idle reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment  Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction  Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it

5. 5  Petroleum and emissions reduction technologies and strategies  Idle = speed at which ICEs rotate under no throttle or load  Tachometer displays engine speed (600- 1,000 rpm)  Smooth engine operation during acceleration from stop and adequate oil pressure Definition of Idle Reduction

6. 6  Transportation and convenience idling  Technologies, policies, strategies to reduce engine idle time  Strategies and technologies to reduce both transportation and convenience idling Figure 1: The engine tachometer showing a vehicle’s idle speed. Source: NAFTC.

7. 7 Did You Know? Idling a vehicle may allow for the comforts of heat or A/C and the operation of accessories such as radios or other multimedia, but when your vehicle is idling, your fuel economy when not in motion is 0 mpg.

8. 8  ICEs in use since the early 20 th century  Old = mechanical carburetors/fuel pumping systems  New = electronic throttle, high pressure fuel system, electronic fuel injection  Idling vehicles produce no propulsion but still consume fuel and produce emissions Basic History of Idle Reduction

9. 9  Pre-heating, pre-cooling for comfort  Idling while waiting for traffic, etc.  Load from accessories  Long-haul trucks may idle up to 300 nights a year  Non-driving time requirements

10. 10 Policies for Idle Reduction  U.S. EPA emissions and CAFE fuel economy standards  More attention is being paid to emissions produced from idling  Federal tax exemptions for heavy-duty trucks  New vehicles and aftermarket products  Clean Cities program, SmartWay Transportation, Clean School Bus USA partnership, and others

11. 11 Figure 2: States that have policies or incentives to implement idle reduction technologies. Source: AFDC.

12. 12  State enacted policies and idle limitations  Local and city government regulations  School bus emissions at idle  Amount of fuel used per idle time  Reduced idling = immediate fuel savings Figure 3: School bus at idle, consuming fuel and producing emissions. Source: EPA.

13. 13 Did You Know? Idling a car for one hour consumes about one gallon of fuel. Source: http://www.consumerenergycenter.org/myths/idling.html.

14. 14  Cleaner, healthier planet  Improved fuel efficiency and reduced emissions  Innovative technologies, specialized technicians  Technologies and strategies implemented by both manufacturers and consumers Idle Reduction Today

15. 15 Consumer Idle Reduction Strategies  Any reduction in idle time can save fuel and reduce emissions  Idling during in-city driving  Avoiding congested areas  Limit idle time for convenience  Immediate fuel savings

16. 16 Manufacturer Idle Reduction  New technologies, improved fuel economy, and reduced emissions  Light-, medium-, and heavy-duty vehicle fuel savings  Idle shutoff functions, mild hybrid technologies  APUs for long haul trucks  TSE implementation Figure 4: Driver in a long haul truck utilizing a type of TSE. Source: IdleAir.

17. 17 Did You Know? Truck idling uses approximately 3 billion gallons of fuel per year Approximately 1 billion gallons for overnight idling Roughly 2 billion gallons for workday idling Every hour a truck idles unnecessarily is equivalent to about 8 to 10 miles of on-road driving. Source: Argonne National Laboratory.

18. 18  Personal and environmental health  Financial and fuel economy improvements  Technologies manufacturing and service  Implementation by both consumers and fleets  Immediate reductions in fuel consumption and emissions Why Consider Idle Reduction?

19. 19 Advantages of Idle Reduction  Reduced fuel consumption  Fewer vehicle emissions  Lower operating costs  Increased engine life  No-cost implementation

20. 20 Additional Points to Consider  Possible capital investment  Personal convenience may be compromised

21. 21  Health and environmental benefits  Reduced fuel costs - economics  Reduced dependence on foreign oil – energy security Benefits of Idle Reduction

22. 22  Combustion of fuels produces harmful emissions  Creation of PM  Respiratory and cardiovascular complications  Idle reduction reduces vehicle emissions Health Benefits

23. 23  Emissions negatively affect the environment  GHG formation, climate change  Idle reduction = reduced emissions Environmental Benefits

24. 24  Excessive idling = unnecessary financial loss  Industry opportunity for implementation of idle reduction technologies  Reduced consumption = financial benefit for all drivers Economic Benefits

25. 25  Reduced idling = reduced fuel consumption  Reduced fuel consumption = reduced reliance on foreign oil  Nearly half of all petroleum used in the U.S. is imported Energy Security Benefits

26. 26 Upon completing this lesson, can you:  Describe what idle reduction is?  Explain the basic history of idle reduction strategies and technologies?  Describe how implementing idle reduction strategies will benefit health and the environment?  Explain the economic benefits associated with idle reduction?  Describe what energy security is and how idle reduction affects it?

27. 27 1.True or False: Engine speeds of idling engines under no load are typically 600- 1,000 rotations per minute (rpm). 2. What does the acronym TSE stand for and how does it relate to idle reduction? 3. A passenger car that is idles for one hour consumes about ___ gallon(s) of fuel. 4.True or False: Vehicles that are idling while not moving have a fuel economy of 0 miles per gallon (MPG). Test Your Knowledge

28. 28 Lesson 2: Idle Reduction Policies, Infrastructure, and Sustainability

29. 29 Objectives  Describe federal, state, and local policies on idle reduction  Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can implement idle reduction strategies  Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction  Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency

30. 30  Reduced allowable emissions from vehicles  CAFE fuel economy standards for passenger cars and trucks  New goals implemented by the Obama administration  Fuel economy gains of more than 5% per year Idle Reduction Policies

31. 31 Figure 5: New standards for light-duty vehicles in order to meet 2016 compliance. Source: EPA.

32. 32 Figure 6: Compression-ignition engine emissions limits. Source: EPA.

33. 33 Testing Procedures  Pre-defined test cycles for light- and heavy- duty vehicles  Dynamometer vehicle testing  Fuel waste and emissions from overnight idling  New technology development  Strict standards and timelines

34. 34 Figure 7: Test cycles for fuel economy and emissions of light-duty vehicles. Source: EPA.

35. 35 Federal Idle Reduction Programs  Clean Cities program  Reduce petroleum consumption  Offers educational workshops, grants, program development assistance  SmartWay  Partnership between government and industry  Financing options for fuel-saving and emission reducing technologies

36. 36 Clean School Bus USA  Partnership between EPA and private organizations  Reduce children’s exposure to school bus emissions  Limit school bus idling

37. 37 For more information on Clean Cities initiatives in your area, visit: www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities. www.eere.energy.gov/cleancities For more information on a SmartWay program, visit: http://www.epa.gov/smartway/index.htm To learn more about another DOE idle reduction project, visit: http://www.the-step-project.org

38. 38 State Programs  Individual regulations and incentives  Incentives often based on vehicle weight  Truck stop electrification (TSE) development  Maximum idling time per hour  Specific grant programs for idle reduction implementation

39. 39 To learn about other states laws, visit http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state. http:/www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/laws/state And http://www.atri-online.org/2012/01/01/idling- regulations-compendium/http://www.atri-online.org/2012/01/01/idling- regulations-compendium/.

40. 40 Local  Maximum idle time in public places  Idle time may vary by location, proximity to certain businesses Figure 8: Idle-Free Tennessee Program. Source: East Tennessee Clean Fuels Coalition.

41. 41  New technologies help light- duty manufacturers reach CAFE/EPA standards  Light- and medium-duty mild hybrid implementation  Heavy-duty idle timer use  Auxiliary power units (APUs) Manufacturer Implementation

42. 42  Purchase of new technologies/vehicles  Understand how the vehicle operates  Minimum warm-up/cool-down times  Planning trips/avoiding traffic congestion Consumer Implementation

43. 43  Distribution of Knowledge  Strategies are implemented on vehicles that are already in use  Easily adapted for advanced technology vehicles  Immediate fuel and emissions reductions Distribution and Infrastructure

44. 44 Infrastructure  Some strategies requires no infrastructure development  Mild hybrid, HEV, EV production already in place  Heavy-duty sector development  APUs, TSE (possibility for up to 5,000 TSE sites)  Utilization of electricity over petroleum

45. 45  Completely sustainable practices  Small changes can affect fuel consumption  Less dependence on foreign oil supplies  Remember overnight commercial truck idling consumes about 1 billion gallons a fuel a year Sustainability

46. 46 Cost Efficiency  Immediate fuel savings  Strategies can be implemented at no cost  Technology investment may be offset by tax incentives and fuel savings The Future of Idle Reduction  Necessary part of achieving higher fuel economy ratings  Evolution from options to standard equipment

47. 47 Upon completing this lesson, can you:  Describe federal, state, and local policies on idle reduction?  Explain how both manufacturers and consumers can implement idle reduction strategies?  Explain the need for distribution of knowledge and possible infrastructure changes to assist in idle reduction?  Describe how idle reduction relates to sustainability and cost efficiency?

48. 48 1.True or False: The Clean Cities and SmartWay transportation programs are examples of federal programs that address benefits of idle reduction. 2. In West Virginia, a heavy-duty vehicle may not operate more than ________ minutes within a sixty minute period. 3. The EPA estimates that overnight idling of long- haul trucks consumes 1 (thousand, million, billion) gallons of fuel annually. 4.True or False: Additions in TSE could provide up to 64 electrified truck stops nationwide. Test Your Knowledge

49. 49 Lesson 3: Idle Reduction Technologies and Strategies

50. 50 Objectives  Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector  Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light- and medium-duty vehicle sector  Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies  Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place

51. 51  Long-haul commercial freight carriers  Rest/driving requirements set by the U.S. DOT  Average truck idles more than 1,400 hours annually  Technology, strategy developments to reduce idle time Heavy-Duty Idle Reduction

52. 52 Strategies  No up-front implementation cost  State-enforced anti-idling laws  Bus loading/unloading  Warm-up and cool-down procedures may require idle time

53. 53 Technologies  Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)  Electrified parking spots at truck stops  Enable drivers to meet rest requirements without idling

54. 54 To find an electrified truck stop in your region, the DOE hosts a site locator searchable by zip code. It can be found at http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse. http://www.afdc.energy.gov/afdc/locator/tse

55. 55 Technologies  Truck Stop Electrification (TSE)  Single-system vs. dual-system  Single-system offers heating, A/C, electricity, internet, cable  Unit is placed in passenger window  Offers connectivity and comfort features  Dual-system requires onboard equipment for each truck  Driver plugs truck in to the electrical outlet to power onboard equipment – known as “shore power”

56. 56 Figure 9: Long-haul trucks using truck stop electrification. Source: EPA.

57. 57 Technologies  Onboard Equipment  Powered by external electrical source or existing fuel system  Use is more efficient than allowing the engine to idle  Onboard Heating  Direct-fired = small furnaces  Consumes only a small amount of fuel per hour  Coolant heaters = heat transfer system  Can be used to heat cabin and warm engine in cold climates Figure 10: Direct-fired heater installed in a long haul truck. Source: DOT.

58. 58 Technologies  Onboard Cooling  Thermal storage, battery-electric air conditioners  Thermal storage: energy is stored during normal operation, used at a later time to cool cab  Battery-electric air conditioners: powered by onboard batteries that are charged at truck stops  Both produce zero local emissions

59. 59 Technologies  Auxiliary Power Units (APUs)  Small vehicle-mounted systems  Electrical generator powered by an internal combustion engine  Heat recapture from ICE  Powers accessories, HVAC  Rechargeable battery packs Figure 11: Auxiliary power unit attached behind the fuel tank of a long haul truck. Source: IdleAir.

60. 60  Over 234 million light-duty vehicles registered in 2010  Implementation of idle reduction strategies can have drastic effects  Enormous potential for reduced fuel consumption Light- and Medium-Duty Idle Reduction

61. 61 Strategies  Provide immediate fuel savings  Modern vehicle warm-up functions  Extended idling situations  Engine operation at higher speeds

62. 62 Technologies  Research is being conducted  Advancements help reduce fuel consumption  Block Heaters  Use grid power to maintain engine temperature  Operate on standard 120VAC outlet  Reduces ‘necessary’ idle time

63. 63  Mild Hybrids  Idle shutoff function  Small battery pack and motor/generator (MG)  Used only for short amounts of time  Reduce idle time by shutting ICE off  Other Idle Shutoff Technologies  Advanced engine technologies reduce amount of energy needed to restart engine  Conventional starters  Micro-hybrids

64. 64  Similar if not the same as conventional vehicles  Regular scheduled maintenance  Same performance, reduced fuel consumption  Same safety systems as conventional vehicles Vehicle Maintenance, Performance, and Safety

65. 65 Upon completing this lesson, can you:  Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the heavy-duty vehicle sector?  Explain some of the technologies and strategies that are utilized for idle reduction in the light-duty vehicle sector?  Describe the safety, performance, and maintenance of vehicles that utilize idle reduction technologies?  Describe some of the vehicles available with idle reduction technologies already in place?

66. 66 1.True or False: The only idle reduction option for light-duty consumers is to purchase new mild hybrid vehicles. 2. What does the acronym APU stand for? 3. _____________ heaters are like small furnaces that can be used to heat the cabs of long-haul trucks. 4.True or False: Commercial truckers are required to take minimum amounts of rest time from driving each day. Test Your Knowledge