1. TICK COLLECTION CRITERIA Project title Michael Cherry| Dr. Ben Clarke| Bridges and Pathways Program 2010

2. TICK COLLECTION What criteria and procedures should be used when collecting ticks in the ‘wild’?

3. PROJECT OVERVIEW Where ticks are located Survey techniques should be consistent Use of standardized equipment Integrity of Data Collection Criteria and methods of recording

4. WHERE ARE TICKS LOCATED IN THE MIDWEST? Near or in deciduous forests Dry to mesic (moderate moisture) forests Alfisol-type soils of sandy or loam-sand textures overlying sedimentary rock Along ecotones (boundaries between varying ecosystems)

5. ALFISOL SOILS Alfisols are a soil order in USDA soil taxonomy. Alfisols form in semiarid to humid areas, typically under a hardwood forest cover. They have a clay-enriched subsoil and relatively high native fertility. "Alf" refers to Aluminium (Al) and Iron (Fe).USDA soil taxonomyhardwood Alfisol from East Tennessee. http://www.uamont.edu/facultyweb/francis/soilprofiles/soilprofilepage.htm

6. WHERE ARE TICKS NOT LOCATED IN THE MIDWEST? Near coniferous forests Grasslands Wet and very damp forests Acidic soils of low fertility and a clay soil texture Precambrian bedrock

7. CONSTRUCTION OF DRAGGING EQUIPMENT – 70 x 90cm piece of light-colored corduroy – 1cm diameter wooden dowel along leading edge – Steel rod sewn into trailing edge for added weight – Rope or wood handle to allow front edge of ‘sheet’ to contact vegetation

8. COLLECTION TECHNIQUES FROM SCHULZE/JORDAN Same individual should perform the dragging for consistency – Speed, height Collected hourly from 0600 – 2100 hours 100m long transects, collect every 10m to prevent ticks from falling off Ramdomize dragging order, direction of travel, location within each transect (left, right, center) to minimize repeated dragging of same areas Minimize dew collection by drying on running pickup truck hood – To minimize effects of moisture on tick collection

9. STATISTICS For each sampling event (each hour) (use of Weather Station): – Ambient Temperature – Ambient Humidity – Place Weather Station in center of area, 1m above vegetation height – Litter temperature and humidity (digital thermometer) At least 2.5cm below leaf litter surface but not into the soil

10. STATISTICAL ANALYSIS Use of repeated measures of analysis of variance Use of multiple linear regression to examine relationships Use separate regressions for each species Tolerance value of 0.1 is acceptable Calculate temp gradient: subtract hourly litter temp from ambient Calculate humidity gradient: subtract litter H from ambient H Use Pearson correlation and linear regression to determine relationships between calculated gradients and numbers of questing ticks

11. CONCLUSION Consistency regarding the gathering of ticks and in measuring and recording statistics are critical to success

12. WORKS CITED Meteorologically Mediated Diurnal Questing of Ixodes Scapularis and Amblyomma Americanum Nymphs – Terry Schulze and Robert Jordan Journal of Medical Entomology (2003) Distribution of the Common Tick, Ixodes ricinus, in different vegetation types in Southern Sweden – Anders Lindstrom and Thomas Jaenson, Journal of Medical Entomology (2003)