1. Inderpal Grewal “The Culture of Travel”

2. The trope of mobility Mobility—traveller vs native (romanticism and scientific progress) Freedom vs unfreedom (even British women who could not vote saw themselves as freer, belonging to the civilized world)

3. Colonial Modernity The experience of modernity under colonial conditions—external and internal binaries English education New technologies and modes of travel New forms of employment (colonial bureaucracy) Nuclear families Production of the middle class; class mobility

4. When natives travelled discourses of travel created new forms of historical self-consciousness that were modern (oppositions of freedom/unfreedom; home and abroad were re-worked) Appropriations of European culture of travel, negotiated by Indian men and women contra other traditions of travel and combined with local practices Travel seen as bestowing prestige and social mobility (as against forced travel of the poor— maids, indentured labour, exotic servants, sailors)

5. Feeling modern Production of gendered selves--reconstitution of domestic space under colonialism Opposition of home and the world (a concept- metaphor) constitutive of colonial modernity Pre-existing caste, class, familial and gender demarcations reworked Indian men: equality with the British—new modes of patriarchal power (discovering an ancient past; mapping the nation); reform

6. Toru Dutt (1856-1877) writer, traveller, first Indian woman to publish poetry in English