1. Miranda Avalos Janeth Coronel Lucy Corvarrubias Elizabeth Flores Janet Hernandez Samantha Herrera Stephanie Lam Savannah Parra Indo-Pakistani War

2. The 1947-1949 War

3. Causes of War  Deep ethic, religious and economic differences separated the Western and Eastern Pakistan's.  Mountbattens’s partition plan- states could join India or Pakistan or become independent.  Muslims rose up against Hindu administration  Pakistani government sent Muslim tribesmen into Kashmir to overthrow the government  Calcutta Massacre from Aug. 16-20 1946 (catalyst to Mountbatten's visit) thousands dead

4.  Maharajah appealed to India for military aid  Maharajah’s acceptance of conditions invited formal intervention on the part of the Pakistani army and igniting first Indo-Pakistan War  Brokering of the eventual ceasefire (An agreement to stop military operations; not necessarily a final end to hostilities Progress of the War

5.  Lost 1500 regular soldiers and the civilian casualties ran into thousands  Kashmir formally became part of India, “Free Kashmir”  Spark another border war over Kashmir-1965  Resolution 47 when the United Nations helped mediate the war. the resolution divided Kashmir Effects

6. KASHMIR WAR 1965 “Break the pen, spill the ink, burn the paper Lock your lips, be silent, shhh.... Say “I saw nothing” even if you did Or else have your eyes gouged out Keep humming eulogies, be silent It is the season of burying the truth... -Bashir Manzar Kashmir writer

7. Origins of the Conflict  Primarily an ideological war  Kashmir is symbolic of both countries  Pakistan refused to recognize Indian Kashmir  Led to more border clashes and the border war of ‘65, the Kashmir War  ( “Free Kashmir” movement )  Began in the sub-continent Ran of Kutch

8. Immediate causes of the war  Border clashes between India and Pakistan  Along borders, army patrols routinely fought small skirmishes  Inevitable that if major hostilities broke out elsewhere on the border it would spread to Kashmir

9. Major Developments  India developing into a democracy  - single dominant party  Pakistan more authoritarian with military  1958 military took control of Pakistan in a coup  General Ayub Khan was in control

10. Alliances  Both wanted alliances with developed states  Pakistan became member of two western alliance systems (SEATO and CENTO)  India believed in non- alignment policy  Became difficult with a growing border war against China  Deteriorating Sino-Soviet relations, made the Kremlin try establish ties with India  U.S supplied arms to both countries to prevent spread of communism  Soviet Union aided India  Pakistan tried to draw closer to China  Alliances showed effects of Cold War developments  Foreign aid made both armies more effective, more damage & tension “… I can’t listen to the thunder of the clouds, it reminds me of a bomb blast. I feel the green of my garden has faded, perhaps it too mourns…” – Anonymous Kashmir writer

11. Progression of the War  April 1965, Pakistan army scored victory before agreed ceasefire  Boosted confidence of Pakistani army  May 1965, Sheikh Abdullah arrested for meeting with Chinese Prime Minister  Angry protests in Kashmir  Pakistani Parliament decided to make an aggressive move to win Kashmir  Prompted guerilla attacks ( "Operation Gibraltar“ ) by Pakistan soldiers dressed as Kashmir civilians

12. Progression of the War (cont.)  Rouse found out quickly, both attacked  Used new weapons ( infantry, tanks, air power ) supplied by new patrons, U.S and Russia  India took fight into Pakistan, major indecisive fight “stalemate”  Both accepted a ceasefire on 23 September  Soviet Prime Minister Alexsei Kosygin asked both to conference in January 1966 where they agreed to a permanent ceasefire in Kashmir, this was the Tashkent Declaration (left to right) Indian Prime Minister Lal Bahadur Shastri, Pakistani Foreign Minister Z. A. Bhutto, Pakistani President Ayub Khan and Russian Premier Kosygin

13. Effects of the War  Thousands of deaths; mostly men.  Deaths- 3,000 Indian soldiers, and 3,800 Pakistani soldiers  Pakistan lost more land than India  Economic decrease of Pakistan due of war costs  orphans in dangerous and hazardous conditions  Increase in suicide rates  Lack of health care, more diseases.  Drop in education, health care, social  Resentment for large security forces  India was grew as an economic world power.

14. Notable Players and People  Ayub Khan ( 1907 – 74 )  Trained as officer in British army, became chief of staff in independent Pakistan  Led a bloodless coup in 1958  Maintained close ties with both China and U.S  Led Pakistan in the 1965 war against India with initial success  Felt “betrayed” by U.S after an embargo against both Pakistan and India

15. Relations Today “In our search for a lasting solution to the Kashmir problem, both in its external and internal dimensions, we shall not traverse solely on the beaten track of the past. Mindsets will have to be altered and historical baggage jettisoned.” -Atal Behari Vaypayee prime minister of India, January 2002 “If we want to normalize relations between Pakistan and India and bring harmony to the region, the Kashmir dispute will have to be resolved peacefully through a dialogue, on the basis of the aspirations of the Kashmir people. Solving the Kashmir issue is the joint responsibility of our two countries… Mr. Vaypayee… I take you up on this offer. Let us start talking in this spirit.” -General Pervez Musharraf President of Pakistan, January 2002

16.  1947 Pakistan is divided.  East- Awami party ( Bengal) – leader Sheikh Mujibur Rehman  West- Pakistan People’s party- leader Zulfikar Ali Bhutto  1971- entire East Pakistan in revolt, “Peace” by Junior General Tikka Khan War of 1971

18.  Paterstan divided 1947-East and West  22 November is main artillery strike, India only admits to actually striking on 3 December( associated with 6 day war of 1967)  Mostly naval and air attacks  4 December navy launches missile attack, ceases on 17 December, India announces unilateral ceasefire Immediate Causes

19.  Indian army after two weeks of war 1700 dead  90,00 Pakistani ( Bengali) prisoners of India  India acquires West Pakistan territory  East becomes independent- Nation of Bangladesh  India is dominant power now  1974-first nuclear weapon exploded  1998- results in Pakistan nuclear program Effects of War