1. “Optical Telescopes.” Dyer Teacher Workshop June, 2009 C. R. O’Dell Vanderbilt University Dyer Teacher Workshop June, 2009 C. R. O’Dell Vanderbilt University

2. Galilean Telescope

3. Galileo Sustermans

4. Inventor Rotated

5. Galileo Galilii’s Telescopes

6. Refracting Telescope

7. Hevelius Telescope

8. Telescopes-History

9. Chromatic Aberration

10. Achromatic Doublet

11. Yerkes Telescope

12. Telescopes-History

13. Newtonian Telescope Schematic

14. Newton’s Reflector

15. Herschel’s Biggest Telescope

16. Lord Rosse

17. Telescopes-History

18. Ritchey 24-inch

19. Mt. Wilson 60-inch

20. 100-inch

21. 200-inch

22. Keck 10-m

23. Canary Island Telescope

24. SALT

25. LBT-Schematic

26. Telescopes-History

27. Mona Kea

28. Yerkes Aerial View

29. Reasons for going into Space Earth’s Atmosphere Blurs Out our View even when it is perfectly clear. This means that our view of the heavens is like that from a small telescope. Usually a bigger telescope produces a sharper image. The HST images are 20X better than what is allowed by our Atmosphere. The atmosphere also limits the energies of the photons that we can see. Earth’s Atmosphere Blurs Out our View even when it is perfectly clear. This means that our view of the heavens is like that from a small telescope. Usually a bigger telescope produces a sharper image. The HST images are 20X better than what is allowed by our Atmosphere. The atmosphere also limits the energies of the photons that we can see.

30. 19231923 Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen” Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen” In this small book he elucidates most of the modern reasons for putting telescopes in space. In this small book he elucidates most of the modern reasons for putting telescopes in space. The ability to exploit space for astronomy was and continues to be closely dependent upon transportation. The ability to exploit space for astronomy was and continues to be closely dependent upon transportation. Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen” Hermann Oberth publishes “Die Rakete zu den Planetenraumen” In this small book he elucidates most of the modern reasons for putting telescopes in space. In this small book he elucidates most of the modern reasons for putting telescopes in space. The ability to exploit space for astronomy was and continues to be closely dependent upon transportation. The ability to exploit space for astronomy was and continues to be closely dependent upon transportation.

31. Space Travel in 1930.

32. The V2 The V2

33. 1945 “Army Surplus” V-2 Rockets come to the US.

34. 19461946 The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND corporation commissions a study of potential uses of rockets. The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND corporation commissions a study of potential uses of rockets. Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old professor at Yale performs this study. Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old professor at Yale performs this study. In this study he proposes building space observatories, leading up to something very similar to today’s HST. In this study he proposes building space observatories, leading up to something very similar to today’s HST. Soon after its creation in 1958 NASA established building the HST as a long-term goal. Soon after its creation in 1958 NASA established building the HST as a long-term goal. The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND corporation commissions a study of potential uses of rockets. The first “Think-Tank”, the RAND corporation commissions a study of potential uses of rockets. Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old professor at Yale performs this study. Lyman Spitzer, then a 32 year old professor at Yale performs this study. In this study he proposes building space observatories, leading up to something very similar to today’s HST. In this study he proposes building space observatories, leading up to something very similar to today’s HST. Soon after its creation in 1958 NASA established building the HST as a long-term goal. Soon after its creation in 1958 NASA established building the HST as a long-term goal.

35. 1971-72 NASA begins to consider the HST. One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study). One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study). In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback. In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback. At the end of this study I was nominated by Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist (September 1972). At the end of this study I was nominated by Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist (September 1972). One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study). One of the first things NASA did was to establish if the project was feasible (a Phase-A Study). In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback. In parallel with studies by multiple contractors a group of scientists was convened at NASA HQ by Nancy G. Roman to provide feedback. At the end of this study I was nominated by Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist (September 1972). At the end of this study I was nominated by Lyman Spitzer to become the Project Scientist (September 1972).

36. Resolution versus Time

37. Originally the design was for a 3-m aperture.

38. 1972-3mCrossSection1972-3mCrossSection

39. 1972-3mConfiguration1972-3mConfiguration

40. We had $$ problems from the beginning. The original $300M price-tag was a dictated price. The original $300M price-tag was a dictated price. Different configurations were considered. Different configurations were considered. Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were considered. Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were considered. The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in June, 1975. The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in June, 1975. ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976. ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976. The original $300M price-tag was a dictated price. The original $300M price-tag was a dictated price. Different configurations were considered. Different configurations were considered. Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were considered. Different sizes (1.8-m, 2.4-m, 3.0-m) were considered. The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in June, 1975. The 2.4-m configuration was chosen in June, 1975. ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976. ESA became a 15% partner in late 1976.

41. A Skeleton Sketch.

42. HST Cutaway Cropped

43. This was the first spacecraft to be designed for maintenance.

44. NBS Axial SI Replacement

45. Primary Mirror.

46. Primary Mirror After Aluminizing

47. The telescope structure.

48. Focal Plane Assembly.

49. WF/PC Prelaunch

50. Transporting the Telescope to California.

51. OTA Development Problems The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise mirror was considered to be an established technology by the project managers. The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise mirror was considered to be an established technology by the project managers. As the primary mirror was being tested and finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate. As the primary mirror was being tested and finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate. This all occurred as a new Project Manager came on-board, whose mandate was to control the escalating costs. This all occurred as a new Project Manager came on-board, whose mandate was to control the escalating costs. The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise mirror was considered to be an established technology by the project managers. The manufacture of a light-weight, highly precise mirror was considered to be an established technology by the project managers. As the primary mirror was being tested and finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate. As the primary mirror was being tested and finished, the FGS was shown to be inadequate. This all occurred as a new Project Manager came on-board, whose mandate was to control the escalating costs. This all occurred as a new Project Manager came on-board, whose mandate was to control the escalating costs.

52. Spherical Aberration This was discovered as the first images were made. This was discovered as the first images were made. The cause was a misaligned optical device used to measure the shape of the primary mirror. The cause was a misaligned optical device used to measure the shape of the primary mirror. This device made the mirror appear to be flat when it was of the right shape. This device made the mirror appear to be flat when it was of the right shape. This was discovered as the first images were made. This was discovered as the first images were made. The cause was a misaligned optical device used to measure the shape of the primary mirror. The cause was a misaligned optical device used to measure the shape of the primary mirror. This device made the mirror appear to be flat when it was of the right shape. This device made the mirror appear to be flat when it was of the right shape.

53. The Reflective Null Corrector

54. The Direct Mistake

55. Contributing Factors The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST. The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST. The method of testing had become routine. The method of testing had become routine. Management was concentrating on a redesign of the FGS, which WAS new. Management was concentrating on a redesign of the FGS, which WAS new. The resident MSFC QA person had not been changed. The resident MSFC QA person had not been changed. The report on the anomaly with the alignment was not forwarded to MSFC. The report on the anomaly with the alignment was not forwarded to MSFC. The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST. The primary mirror was not considered the most demanding part of the HST. The method of testing had become routine. The method of testing had become routine. Management was concentrating on a redesign of the FGS, which WAS new. Management was concentrating on a redesign of the FGS, which WAS new. The resident MSFC QA person had not been changed. The resident MSFC QA person had not been changed. The report on the anomaly with the alignment was not forwarded to MSFC. The report on the anomaly with the alignment was not forwarded to MSFC.

56. The Assembled HST is Moved.

57. Schedule History

58. JAW Cartoon

59. LaunchLaunch

60. HST in Orbit

61. Servicing Missions SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar Arrays SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar Arrays SM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGS SM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGS SM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,Computer SM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,Computer SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar Arrays,CryoCooler SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar Arrays,CryoCooler SM4-06/09 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS Repairs),Batteries,Gyros, etc. SM4-06/09 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS Repairs),Batteries,Gyros, etc. SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar Arrays SM1-12/93 COSTAR, WFPC2,Solar Arrays SM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGS SM2-02/97 STIS,NICMOS,FGS SM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,Computer SM3A-12/99 FGS,Gyros,Computer SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar Arrays,CryoCooler SM3B-03/02 ACS,Solar Arrays,CryoCooler SM4-06/09 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS Repairs),Batteries,Gyros, etc. SM4-06/09 WFC3,COS,(STIS+ACS Repairs),Batteries,Gyros, etc.

62. The construction crane operator.

63. SM1 Axial SI Replacement

64. NBS Axial SI Replacement

65. SM4-Crew

66. Scientific Productivity

67. Orion Nebula Orion Nebula 1996 Orion Nebula 1996

68. The Hubble Ultra Deep Field.

69. Reading Material “Who Invented the Telescope” by Albert Van Helden, pp. 64-69, July, 2009 issue of “Sky and Telescope.” “Who Invented the Telescope” by Albert Van Helden, pp. 64-69, July, 2009 issue of “Sky and Telescope.” “The Space Telescope” by Robert W. Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1989(pre- launch) & 1993(post-launch). “The Space Telescope” by Robert W. Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1989(pre- launch) & 1993(post-launch). “The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 7). “The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 7). “Who Invented the Telescope” by Albert Van Helden, pp. 64-69, July, 2009 issue of “Sky and Telescope.” “Who Invented the Telescope” by Albert Van Helden, pp. 64-69, July, 2009 issue of “Sky and Telescope.” “The Space Telescope” by Robert W. Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1989(pre- launch) & 1993(post-launch). “The Space Telescope” by Robert W. Smith. Cambridge University Press, 1989(pre- launch) & 1993(post-launch). “The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 7). “The Orion Nebula” by C. Robert O’Dell, Harvard University Press, 2003 (Chapter 7).