1. Digestion & Enzymes

2. The Digestive System ?

3. Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase)

4. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) ?

5. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach

6. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach ?

7. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes

8. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach ? Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes

9. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes

10. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes ?

11. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes Pancreas Produces enzymes to chemically digest food

12. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes Pancreas Produces enzymes to chemically digest food ?

13. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes Pancreas Produces enzymes to chemically digest food Small intestine Completes chemical digestion and absorbs digested food into the bloodstream

14. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes Pancreas Produces enzymes to chemically digest food Small intestine Completes chemical digestion and absorbs digested food into the bloodstream ?

15. The Digestive System Mouth Physical digestion by teeth and chemical digestion by enzymes in saliva (amylase) Oesophagus Carries food from mouth to stomach Liver Produces bile for the digestion of fats Stomach Food is churned and chemically digested by enzymes Pancreas Produces enzymes to chemically digest food Small intestine Completes chemical digestion and absorbs digested food into the bloodstream Large Intestine Water is taken back into the bloodstream and undigested food is carried to the anus

16. Teeth – physically digest food ?

17. Incisor Cutting food

18. Teeth – physically digest food Incisor Cutting food ?

19. Teeth – physically digest food Incisor Cutting food Canine Tearing food

20. Teeth – physically digest food Incisor Cutting food Canine Tearing food ?

21. Teeth – physically digest food Incisor Cutting food Canine Tearing food Premolar Crushing & grinding food

22. Teeth – physically digest food Incisor Cutting food Canine Tearing food Premolar Crushing & grinding food ?

23. Teeth – physically digest food Incisor Cutting food Canine Tearing food Premolar Crushing & grinding food Molar Crushing & grinding food

24. Enzymes Enzymes are chemicals found in all cells in the body. Enzymes are biological catalysts. What is a catalyst?? ??? SUBSTRATE

25. Enzymes Enzymes are chemicals found in all cells in the body. Enzymes are biological catalysts. What is a catalyst?? A catalyst is a substance that changes the speed of a reaction, but is not used up in the reaction itself. SUBSTRATE

26. Enzyme Reaction Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product ? + ? ---> ? + ? SUBSTRATE

27. Enzyme Reaction Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product Amylase + ? ---> ? + ? SUBSTRATE

28. Enzyme Reaction Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product Amylase + Starch ---> ? + ? SUBSTRATE

29. Enzyme Reaction Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product Amylase + Starch ---> Amylase + ? SUBSTRATE

30. Enzyme Reaction Enzyme + Substrate ---> Enzyme + Product Amylase + Starch ---> Amylase + Maltose SUBSTRATE

31. Testing the Action the Enzyme Amylase on Starch How is food prepared first? ???

32. Testing the Action the Enzyme Amylase on Starch How is food prepared first? If using a starchy food (for e.g. cracker) grind up food and dissolve in water. If using starch solution, no preparation necessary.

33. Testing the Action the Enzyme Amylase on Starch How is food prepared first? If using a starchy food (for e.g. cracker) grind up food and dissolve in water. If using starch solution, no preparation necessary. At what temperature is the water bath? ???

34. Testing the Action the Enzyme Amylase on Starch How is food prepared first? If using a starchy food (for e.g. cracker) grind up food and dissolve in water. If using starch solution, no preparation necessary. At what temperature is the water bath? 37°C (human body temperature)

35. Testing the Action the Enzyme Amylase on Starch How is food prepared first? If using a starchy food (for e.g. cracker) grind up food and dissolve in water. If using starch solution, no preparation necessary. At what temperature is the water bath? 37°C (human body temperature) How long for reaction to occur? ???

36. Testing the Action the Enzyme Amylase on Starch How is food prepared first? If using a starchy food (for e.g. cracker) grind up food and dissolve in water. If using starch solution, no preparation necessary. At what temperature is the water bath? 37°C (human body temperature) How long for reaction to occur? Approximately 10 minutes

37. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? ???

38. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine

39. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine What colour does it turn if starch present? ???

40. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine What colour does it turn if starch present? Blue-black

41. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine What colour does it turn if starch present? Blue-black Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar) How do you test for a reducing sugar? ???

42. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine What colour does it turn if starch present? Blue-black Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar) How do you test for a reducing sugar? Heat with Benedict's solution

43. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine What colour does it turn if starch present? Blue-black Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar) How do you test for a reducing sugar? Heat with Benedict’s solutions What colour does Benedict’s turn if reducing sugar present? ???

44. Testing for the Substrate: Starch What chemical is used? Iodine What colour does it turn if starch present? Blue-black Testing for the Product: Maltose (reducing sugar) How do you test for a reducing sugar? Heat with Benedict’s solution What colour does Benedict’s turn if reducing sugar present? Brick Red

45. What colour will iodine be in test-tube A? ??? Testing for Starch (the Substrate):

46. What colour will iodine be in test-tube A? Orange brown – no starch present Testing for Starch (the Substrate):

47. What colour will iodine be in test-tube A? Orange brown – no starch present What colour will iodine be in test-tube B (the control)? ??? Testing for Starch (the Substrate):

48. What colour will iodine be in test-tube A? Orange brown – no starch present What colour will iodine be in test-tube B (the control)? Blue black – starch still present Testing for Starch (the Substrate):

49. What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A? ??? Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):

50. What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A? Brick Red – Reducing Sugar Present Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):

51. What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A? Brick Red – Reducing Sugar Present What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube B (the control)? ??? Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):

52. What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube A? Brick Red – Reducing Sugar Present What colour will Benedict's be in test-tube B (the control)? Blue – No reducing Sugar Present Testing for a Reducing Sugar, i.e. maltose (the Product):

53. What has happened in test-tube A? ???

54. What has happened in test-tube A? Amylase has broken down starch into maltose.

55. What has happened in test-tube A? Amylase has broken down starch into maltose. What has happened in test- tube B? ???

56. What has happened in test-tube A? Amylase has broken down starch into maltose. What has happened in test- tube B? As there was no enzyme present, starch has not been broken down.