1. The Stock Market Forecasting and Risk Management System using Genetic Programming Li Wang Ross School of Business Ann Arbor, MI 48105

2. Technical Analysis Technical analysis identifies trading opportunities by studying the historical prices and their statistics Technical analysis identifies trading opportunities by studying the historical prices and their statistics Major proponents are practitioners Major proponents are practitioners Traders, money managers, brokers, etc. Traders, money managers, brokers, etc. They believe: They believe: Buyers and sellers on the financial market are human beings, who always tend to bid things up beyond or sell them below their reasonable values Buyers and sellers on the financial market are human beings, who always tend to bid things up beyond or sell them below their reasonable values Psychological factors are important and studying the past stock prices can help understand these factors Psychological factors are important and studying the past stock prices can help understand these factors

3. Fundamental Analysis Fundamental analysis forecasts the future performance of stocks based on economic information Fundamental analysis forecasts the future performance of stocks based on economic information P/E ratio, book values, cash flows, GDP, etc. P/E ratio, book values, cash flows, GDP, etc. The majority of researchers in finance and economics are proponents of fundamental analysis The majority of researchers in finance and economics are proponents of fundamental analysis They believe: They believe: The stock market is efficient and investors are rational The stock market is efficient and investors are rational The stock price always reflects all the information available to the public The stock price always reflects all the information available to the public The value of the stock only depends on the fundamentals of the business The value of the stock only depends on the fundamentals of the business

4. The Debate between Technical Analysis and Fundamental Analysis There has been extensive debate and research on whether technical analysis is valid There has been extensive debate and research on whether technical analysis is valid Academic researchers argue that: Academic researchers argue that: Stock prices follow random walk Stock prices follow random walk They are memoryless – what happened in the past has no impact on the future They are memoryless – what happened in the past has no impact on the future There are a myriad of academic papers demonstrating that technical analysis does not work There are a myriad of academic papers demonstrating that technical analysis does not work

5. The Debate between Technical Analysis and Fundamental Analysis (cont.) Technical analysis practitioners believe: Technical analysis practitioners believe: Stock price movement is generated by collective activities of market participants, so it is a consequence of human behavior Stock price movement is generated by collective activities of market participants, so it is a consequence of human behavior Although human behavior can not be perfectly predicted, it is far from random walk Although human behavior can not be perfectly predicted, it is far from random walk The ineffectiveness of technical analysis reported in academic papers is due to the following mistakes: The ineffectiveness of technical analysis reported in academic papers is due to the following mistakes:  Only simple rules are tested in the papers  Technical rules are blindly applied on every chart signal  Effective rules evolve over time  …

6. Purpose of this project Use Genetic Programming Technique Use Genetic Programming Technique Explore if we can use historical stock prices, volumes and statistics on them to: Explore if we can use historical stock prices, volumes and statistics on them to: Forecast future movement of stock prices Forecast future movement of stock prices Manage risk of portfolios Manage risk of portfolios Make profits! Make profits!

7. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap Stock prices are not continuous Stock prices are not continuous Usually there is a gap between yesterday’s close price and today’s open price Usually there is a gap between yesterday’s close price and today’s open price It is associated with a significant amount of risk It is associated with a significant amount of risk Traders tend to avoid this risk Traders tend to avoid this risk e.g. day traders e.g. day traders

8. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap (cont.) Purpose of this experiment: Purpose of this experiment: Explore if we can predict the overnight gap and take advantage of it (make profits from it) Explore if we can predict the overnight gap and take advantage of it (make profits from it) If we succeed: If we succeed: Overnight trading strategy Overnight trading strategy  A new trading strategy  Opposite to day trading  If we predict there will be a gap up tomorrow, we buy before market is closed and sell immediately after the market is open on the next day  If we predict there will be a gap down, we short sell before market is closed and buy back on the next day

9. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap (cont.) Software package: lil-gp Software package: lil-gp Written in C Written in C Free download from MSU Free download from MSU Experiment setup: Experiment setup: XOM, historical prices and volumes on 230 trading days XOM, historical prices and volumes on 230 trading days No obvious uptrend or downtrend over this period No obvious uptrend or downtrend over this period Training data: the first 150 days Training data: the first 150 days Testing data: the rest 80 days Testing data: the rest 80 days

10. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap (cont.) One of the training results: One of the training results: A large tree -> a trading strategy A large tree -> a trading strategy Highly nonlinear Highly nonlinear

11. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap (cont.) Testing Result Testing Result X-axis: my prediction X-axis: my prediction Y-axis: real overnight gap Y-axis: real overnight gap The prediction The prediction doesn’t look accurate doesn’t look accurate However … However …

12. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap (cont.) Ignore the small valued prediction Ignore the small valued prediction Only trade when the prediction has larger absolute value than the threshold Only trade when the prediction has larger absolute value than the threshold In 14 out of 18 (78%) trades, we can make profits In 14 out of 18 (78%) trades, we can make profits If we strictly follow this strategy, we can make 5.23% in 3~4 months => Beat the market and many mutual funds ! If we strictly follow this strategy, we can make 5.23% in 3~4 months => Beat the market and many mutual funds !

13. Exp1: Forecasting Overnight Gap (cont.) Another trading strategy Another trading strategy Make profits in 5 out of 6 trades (83%) Make profits in 5 out of 6 trades (83%) If strictly follow this strategy, we can make 2.5% with only 6 trades on this single stock If strictly follow this strategy, we can make 2.5% with only 6 trades on this single stock How should we use this technique: How should we use this technique: Monitor hundreds of stocks Monitor hundreds of stocks Pick the most significant stocks for trading at the end of every day Pick the most significant stocks for trading at the end of every day

14. Thank you! Questions?