1. Evolution of Biodiversity

2. 1. Scales of biodiversity
2. Species richness vs. Species evenness
3. Biodiversity in individuals
Biodiversity in populations (4. artificial selection vs. 5. natural selection)
**you may want to put in two boxes**
6. Random changes in genetic equilibrium
7. Types of Speciation
8. Rate of natural selection

3. Three different scales of diversity
Ecosystem diversity
Species diversity
Genetic diversity

4. Just for fun… How many species are found on Earth?
Scientists have named 2 million but are estimating around million out there.
Which group of organisms has the most species?
Insects (total number of tropical insects could be 30 million.
Scientists found that perhaps 8 million beetles species in the tropics that feed on one type of tree.

5. Species richness vs. Species evenness
Number of species in a given area.
Tells whether a particular ecosystem is numerically dominated by one species or whether all of its species have similar abundances.

6. So what creates biodiversity?

7. In individuals? Mutations: change in DNA
Which of the following is a real mutation found in humans?
Lactose tolerant
AIDS immunity
Blue eyes

8. Mutations Genetic change Can occur by chance Many are lethal
Quickly eliminated
Some are useful
Become part of gene pool by the process of natural selection

9. In populations?

10. Population Genetics and Evolution
Populations, not individuals, evolve,
Evolution occurs as a population’s genes and their frequencies change over time.
This can happen by artificial selection or natural selection

11. Artificial Selection When humans determine which individuals breed.
GMO’s and genetic engineering

12. Natural Selection Nature decides the most fit organisms.
A random process
Charles Darwin’s theory of Evolution
Individuals produce an excess of offspring
Not all offspring survive
Individuals differ in their traits
Differences in traits can be passed on from parents to offspring.
Differences in traits are associated with differences in the ability to survive and reproduce.

13. Gene Pool- All of the alleles of the population’s genes are together like being together in a large pool.
Genetic equilibrium- Population in which the frequency of alleles remains the same over generations.

14. Random Changes in Genetic Equilibrium
Genetic drift- the alteration of allelic frequencies by chance events.
Greatly affect small populations
Genes of the original ancestors represent only a small fraction of the gene pool
Result in an increase of rare alleles

15. Child has six fingers due to genetic drift.
This child belongs to an Amish Community in PA.
They are an isolated population due to religious and belief system.
One of the original ancestor’s have the recessive allele.
Because of the small gene pool, many individuals inherited the recessive allele over time

16. Random Changes in Genetic Equilibrium
Gene Flow- The transport of genes by migrating individuals.
In other words movement of individuals in and out of a populations.
When an individual leaves a population, its genes are lost from the gene pool.
When an individual enter a population, their gene are added to the gene pool.

17. Random Changes in Genetic Equilibrium
Bottle-neck effect: if a population experiences a drastic decrease in size some genotypes will be lost and the genetic composition of the surviors will differ from the composition of the original group.

18. Evolution of Species
Speciation- occurs when members of similar populations no longer interbreed to produce fertile offspring.

19. The formation of a river may divide the frogs into two populations
The formation of a river may divide the frogs into two populations. A new form may appear in one population.
Over time, the divided populations may become two species that may no longer interbreed, even if reunited.

20. Allopatric Speciation
Geographic isolation- Occurs whenever a physical barrier divides a population.

21. Allopatric Speciation
Reproductive isolation- occurs when formerly interbreeding organisms can no longer mate and produce fertile offspring.
Genetic material of the population becomes so different that fertilization can not occur
Behavioral
An example would be mating at different seasons

22. Sympatric Speciation Change in Chromosome Numbers
Polyploid- Any individual or species with a multiple of the normal set of chromosomes.
Flowering plants and important crop plants
Wheat
Cotton
Apples

23. 5. Speciation Rates
Gradualism- is the idea that species originate through a gradual change of adaptations.
Punctuated equilibrium- hypothesis that argues that speciation occurs relatively quickly, in rapid bursts, with long periods of genetic equilibrium .

24. How does evolution shape niches and determine species distribuation.

25. Limiting Factors Light Temperature Nutrients (nitrogen) Gases
Habitat space
Water
Wind
Latitude
Altitude
Soil type
Population size
Genetic diversity

26. Niche= where an organism is the most fit.
Fundamental Niche
Realized Niche
Full potential role of an organism
What it can realistically fulfill when taking into account predation and competition

27. What happens when resources run out?
Resource partitioning: the evolutionary change in species in response to selection pressures (usually from competition)

28. Things that can cause this…
Invasive species: species that are not native to a area and have no natural predators.

29. As a review… Value of Ecosystems Changes to ecosystems
Resistance vs. resilience
Intermediate disturbance hypothesis
Succession (primary vs. secondary)
Biodiversity (results from changes)
Scales
Species richness vs. species evenness
Biodiversity in individuals = mutations
Biodiversity in populations = evolution
Artificial vs. Natural Selection
Changes in genetic equilibrium
Types of speciation
Rates of natural selection
Things that effect natural selection
Limiting factors
Fundamental niche vs. realized niche
Invasive species
Resource partioning