1. Web Client/Server Communication A290/A590, Fall 2014 09/09/2014

2. Fixing permissions Execute these commands on Silo: $ acl_open –r ~/a290 dnikolov $ acl_open –r ~/a290 vsupe $ acl_open –r ~/a290 tdshah This will only give me and the Ais access to your a290 folders

3. Structure of a URL URL = Uniform Resource Locator General form: protocol://domain:port/path/to/file – How? The Application layer protocol. For example, browsers usually use HTTP. – Where on the Internet? The named address of the server is translated to an IP address for Internet travel. – Where on the server? The port number is used to find the Web server on the target machine, and then locate the virtual space (folder) on the Web server – What? Path to a specific file in the virtual space For example: http://homes.soic.indiana.edu/classes/fall2014/csci/a290- web-dnikolov/index.html – port is 80 by default and is usually omitted

4. HTTP Transactions – The Big Picture HTTP = HyperText Transfer Protocol – The rules clients and servers on the Web follow to communicate with each other What does a simple HTTP transaction involve? 1.Let's say we are loading the Web page for Lab 1 2.The browser resolves the host name homes.soic.indiana.edu to an IP address 3.An HTTP request is sent to the IP address corresponding to homes.soic.indiana for the file /fall2014/csci/a290-web-dnikolov/lab1.html 4.A copy of the HTML document is sent back in the HTTP response and stored on the client 5.The HTML file is parsed and further requests are sent to the server to retrieve images, CSS, JavaScript, etc. 6.The additional files retrieved are also stored on the client. We can observe an HTTP transaction using the browser's Web Developer tool

5. Domain Name Service (DNS) DNS = Domain Name Service – Provides a mapping between host names and IP addresses Let's take a step back… How do web sites come in existence? – A web site needs hosting – a machine with a static IP Address on which to install the web server, Python, etc. – A web site also needs a domain – a unique name to be mapped to its IP address, e.g. indiana.edu – The hosting provider and domain provider need not be the same IP Addresses and domains – ICANN (Internet Corporation for Assigned Names and Numbers) assigns a range of IP addresses to RIRs (Regional Internet Registries), which assign IP addresses to ISPs (Internet Service Providers), e.g. IU, GoDaddy, etc. – ICANN also manages top-level domains such as.com,.net, etc. and provides a service ensuring domain name uniqueness A registrar (usually an ISP) can assign domain names under specific top-level domains to its customers, but has to register them with ICANN first

6. Domain Name Service (DNS) Registering a domain name – The ISP manages its own DNS server(s), which are updated once you register a host name – DNS is a hierarchy – the ISP's DNS server propagates mapping to DNS servers upwards in the hierarchy Usually takes a few hours after you register a domain for it to be available – An example of a DNS SOA (Start of Authority) record that may get propagated

7. SOA Record example ; $Id: knownspace,v 1.10 2012/01/05 18:25:20 root Exp $ ; $TTL 86400 dimitarnikolov.org.INSOAmoose.cs.indiana.edu. rawlins.cs.indiana.edu. ( 2012010501 ; serial 10800 ; refresh (3 hours) 3600 ; retry (1 hour) 604800 ; expire (7 days) 86400 ) ; minimum (1 day) IN NSdns1 IN NSdns2 IN TXT"Dimitar Nikolov" IN TXT"Indiana University" IN MX 0mail.cs.indiana.edu. dns1INA129.79.247.191 dns2INA129.79.247.195 wwwIN CNAMEwww.cs.indiana.edu. developerINCNAMEwww.cs.indiana.edu.

8. The Structure of the Internet

9. HTTP Transactions – The Big Picture HTTP = HyperText Transfer Protocol – The rules clients and servers on the Web follow to communicate with each other What does a simple HTTP transaction involve? 1.Let's say we are loading the Web page for Lab 1 2.The browser resolves the host name homes.soic.indiana.edu to an IP address 3.An HTTP request is sent to the IP address corresponding to homes.soic.indiana for the file /fall2014/csci/a290-web-dnikolov/lab1.html 4.A copy of the HTML document is sent back in the HTTP response and stored on the client 5.The HTML file is parsed and further requests are sent to the server to retrieve images, CSS, JavaScript, etc. 6.The additional files retrieved are also stored on the client. We can observe an HTTP transaction using the browser's Web Developer tool

10. HTTP Requests & Responses The request consists of a header and a body (separated by a new line) The response consists of a start line, header and a body Let's look at this with telnet…

11. HTTP Requests Remember the first line of the HTTP header: GET /test/hi-there.txt Possible HTTP methods – GET: Send resource from the server to the client – POST: Send client data to a (CGI) application on the server – HEAD: Send just the HTTP headers from the response for a given resource – DELETE: Delete the resource from the server

12. File paths on the server The request for a directory loads a default file, e.g. index.html. If there isn't one, the directory contents may be listed. – Usually a security hazard The request for a file (usually) sends the file back to the client Web Server (e.g. Apache) 1.http://homes.soic.indiana.edu 1.http://homes/soic.indiana.edu/classes/fall2014/csc i/a290-web-nikolov 1.http://homes/soic.indiana.edu/classes/fall2014/csc i/a290-web-nikolov/lab2.html ├ ── index.html ├ ── … ├ ── classes │ ├ ── fall2014 │ │ ├ ──... │ │ ├ ── csci │ │ │ ├ ──... │ │ │ ├ ── a290-web-dnikolov │ │ │ │ ├ ── homepageinfo.html │ │ │ │ ├ ── index.html │ │ │ │ ├ ── index.html~ │ │ │ │ ├ ── lab1.html │ │ │ │ ├ ── lab1.html~ │ │ │ │ ├ ── lab2.html │ │ │ │ ├ ── lab2.html~ │ │ │ │ ├ ── lab2.temp.html~ │ │ │ │ ├ ── style.css │ │ │ │ ├ ── style.css~ │ │ │ │ └── syllabus.pdf ├ ── … 1 2 3

13. Notes About Apache ~/local/conf/httpd.conf is where you can specify a lot of relevant options, such as – where the Apache virtual space is AKA htdocs AKA wwwroot – what port number to listen for requests on – default HTML file to serve if a directory is requests, e.g. index.html – default pages to serve when an error occurs, e.g. 404 – File Not Found, 500 – Internal Server Error, etc. Important: Every time you change httpd.conf, you need to restart Apache for the changes to take effect!

14. CGI CGI = Common Gateway Interface – A way for the server to execute a binary script instead of simply delivering a static HTML file. Binaries files are placed in a special directory in the Web server's virtual space, usually cgi-bin When the server receives a request for the file in the CGI directory, instead of delivering the file to the client, it executes it and delivers the output – Before the script is executed, the web server puts any input data for the script received from the client in environmental variables – The HTTP action for executing a CGI script can be either GET or POST

15. What a CGI Program Looks Like import cgi html = """Content-Type: text/html\n A First CGI Program Hello, %(name)s! """ form = cgi.FieldStorage() name = form['name'].value print(html % name)

16. Next Time Processing HTML forms with Python and CGI