2. Fraud Prevention and Risk Management05
Fraud Prevention and Risk Management
McGraw-Hill/Irwin
Copyright © 2012 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved.

3. Fraud Prevention and Risk Management Overview
Fraud prevention requires information security and good internal control. Information security can’t be obtained simply by studying and applying lists of security measures. Rather security must be studied and applied as a management system in the context of enterprise risk management.
This chapter focuses primarily on one the information security management system (ISMS), which is an organizational internal control process that ensures the following 3 objectives in relation to data and information within the organization: integrity, confidentiality, and availability.
Information systems security is merely the application of standard internal control principles to information resources.

4. ISMS Security Objectives:
Integrity involves accuracy and completeness.
Accuracy means inputting the correct data into the system and then processing it as intended, without errors.
Completeness ensures that no unauthorized additions, removals, or modifications are made to data that has been inputted into the system.
Confidentiality This concept involves ensuring that data and information are made available only to authorized persons.
Availability This concept involves ensuring that data and information are available when and where they are needed.

5. Key Concepts in ISMS
Organizational Embedding, Risk Management, and Internal Control
Prevention, Detection, and Response
The ISMS Life Cycle and PDCA
Risk Management and Threat and Vulnerability Analysis

6. ISO 27001: Implementing ISMSs Plan Phase
Initiating the project
Defining the scope of the ISMS
Establishing an ISMS policy,
Performing a risk assessment,
Selecting risk treatments,
Selecting control objectives, and
Producing a statement of applicability

7. Assets and Risk Assessment
General categories of assets at risk:
Human resources
Information
Documents
Software
Physical equipment
Services
Company image and reputation
Each asset should also be classified according to its desired access security level:
Unclassified, Shared, Company only, Confidential

8. Active Threats Input manipulation (most common source of fraud)
Direct file alteration (bypass normal software)
Program alteration (requires sophistication)
Data theft (hard to detect and prove)
Sabotage (disgruntled employees)
Misappropriation of information system resources

9. ISO 27001: Implementing ISMSs Do Phase
Applying the controls defined in the SOA
Operating the ISMS
Ensuring that all employees are properly trained and competent to perform their security duties
Mechanisms for compliance monitoring
Mechanisms for incident detection and response

10. ISO 27001: Implementing ISMSs Check and Act Phases
The check phase ensures that all the controls objectives are being met and that all controls are in place and working. Various check activities identified in ISO include intrusion detection, incident handling, learning from outside sources, internal and external audits, self-policing procedures, and management reviews.
The act phase involves continually improving the entire ISMS based on analysis of incident reports and the overall efficiency and effectiveness of the ISMS processes.

11. IT Security Assurance Defined
Information security assurance (ISA) refers to some type of evidence-based assertion that increases the certainty that a security-related deliverable can withstand specified security threats.
Information security assurance is achieved for a target of evaluation (TOE) by performing assurance activities that satisfy a predefined security target or security protection profile.

12. Key Definitions Relating to Assurance
Target of evaluation (TOE) This is the information security deliverable, the object for which assurances are made.
Assurance activities These activities depend on the method of assessment. Various methods of assessment are discussed later.
Security target (ST) This is the set of security specifications and requirements used to evaluate the target of evaluation.
Security protection profile (SPP) Similar to a security target, this profile is much broader in scope. Unlike an ST, a SPP does not apply to any one particular deliverable but represents the security needs of a given individual or group of individuals.

13. Forms of Assurance
Informal or semiformal An internal project development leader could simply write a letter to management indicating that the product meets company security standards.
Formal certification by an accredited certification body Some ISO standards, such as ISO 27002, are designed so that organizations can be certified against them.
Self-certification Some organizations perform their own internal certification process as part of their internal quality assurance process. Self-certification can be against internally developed standards or widely recognized standards.

14. Assurance Methods and Approaches
An assurance method is a recognized specification for assurance activities that yields reproducible assurance results. Assurance results are reproducible when different evaluators working independently of each other are likely to obtain similar assurance results.
Assurance Approaches are categories of assurance methods.
ISO classifies assurance approaches according to the methods used to develop the deliverable, and the environment in which the deliverable is deployed.
Methods that assess the deliverable itself, that assess the deliverable’s development process, that assess the deliverable’s development environment
Life cycle phases: design, integration, transition, operation

15. Some Well-know Assurance Methods/Approaches
ISO 21827: Systems Security Engineering Capability Maturity Model (SSE-CMM®) and Security Engineering
Baseline Protection Manual
Trusted Product Evaluation Program (TPEP) and the Trust Technology Assessment Program (TTAP)
IEC 15408—Evaluation Criteria for IT Security (the Common Criteria)
Information Technology Security Evaluation Criteria
ISO/IEC Series
The Trusted Capability Maturity Model (TCMM)
ISO/IEC 13335—Management of Information and Communications Technology Security (MICTS)
Certified Information Systems Security Professionals (CISSP)
Federal Information Processing Standard 140 (FIPS 140)
Control Objectives for Information and Related Technology (COBIT)

16. ISO/IEC 27002 Areas Applied to ISMSs
Security Policy
Organization of Information Security
Asset Management
Human Resources Security
Physical and Environmental Security
Communications and Operations Management
Access Controls
Information Systems Acquisition, Development and Maintenance
Information Security Incident Management
Business Continuity Management
Compliance