1. Evaluation of learning theory A strength of learning theory is that its principles are based on scientific principles from an established approach within the field of Psychology. For example, classical and operant conditioning are based on research by Pavlov and Skinner and form part of the behaviourist model. This means that there is empirical evidence to suggest humans may learn behaviours (such as attachment) according to these principles.

2. Evaluation of learning theory One weakness of the learning theory of attachment is that it is a reductionist explanation. For example, it ‘reduces’ (breaks down) the complex behaviour of attachment to very simple components such as stimulus- response or reinforcement. Whilst learned experiences may influence attachment, reducing attachment to a single component means that learning theory largely ignores all the other influences on our attachments such as innate drives (Bowlby) and a child’s temperament.

3. Evaluation of learning theory A problem with the learning theory is that research suggests that infants don’t always attach through the provision of food and may prefer comfort. For example, Harlow found that infant rhesus monkeys separated from their mother preferred to spend time with a cloth mother which provided comfort than a wire mother which dispensed food. This research contradicts the principles of the learning model of attachment which suggest that we form an attachment to the person who feeds us.

4. Evaluation of learning theory Furthermore, another limitation of learning theory is that it is based on studies with non- human animals. For example, results from research carried out on animals such as monkeys (Harlow) may not be generalisable to humans. This is because humans attachments may be more complex than animals as we develop in a social world and use language to communicate. Furthermore, another limitation of learning theory is that it is based on studies with non- human animals. For example, results from research carried out on animals such as monkeys (Harlow) may not be generalisable to humans. This is because humans attachments may be more complex than animals as we develop in a social world and use language to communicate.

5. Evaluation of learning theory A final weakness of the learning theory of attachment is that research does not support the idea that infants learn to attach to the one person that feeds them The mother). For example, Schaffer and Emerson found that 39% of babies did not form their first attachment to the person who fed them, suggesting that it is not the provision of food that forms the basis of attachment but those who are sensitive and rewarding to the baby. A final weakness of the learning theory of attachment is that research does not support the idea that infants learn to attach to the one person that feeds them The mother). For example, Schaffer and Emerson found that 39% of babies did not form their first attachment to the person who fed them, suggesting that it is not the provision of food that forms the basis of attachment but those who are sensitive and rewarding to the baby.

6. Compare and contrast theories of attachment Evolutionary Evolutionary Learning Learning

7. Exam focus Outline how psychologists have studied attachment. (4 marks) Outline what research into attachment has shown. (6 marks) Explain one limitation of the evolutionary explanation of attachment. (3 marks)