1. 5D Leo Chao (27) Andrew Lo (34) Jacky Ng (36) Calvin Tai (38) VANADIUM( 釩 )

2. CONTENT I.Background information II.Occurrence III.Characteristic of Vanadium IV.Application of Vanadium and its compounds V.Harmful effects

3. BACKGROUND INFORMATION Symbol: V Type: Transition Metal Group: 5 Period:4 Electrons arrangement: 2,8,11,2 Atomic mass:50.9415 Atomic volume:8.78 cm3/mol Maximum oxidation number:5 Minimum oxidation number:-1

4. Color: bright white Structure: body-centered cubic State: solid Melting point: 1920 °C Boiling point: 3400 °C Maximum oxidation number:5 Minimum oxidation number:-1

5. OCCURRENCE Discovered by Andreas.M. del Rio (mineralogist) in 1801 Produced by reducing vanadium pentoxide with calcium Cannot be found in nature Exist as different kind of minerals E.g. patronite (VS 4 ), vanadinite (Pb 5 (VO 4 ) 3 Cl), and carnotite (K 2 (UO 2 ) 2 (VO 4 ) 2 ·3H 2 O). Present in bauxite and fossil fuel deposits E.g. crude oil, coal, oil shale and tar sands

6. CHARACTERISTIC OF VANADIUM Hard Ductile Good structural strength Resistant to attack by alkalis, hydrochloric acid, sulfuric acid, and salt water Oxidizes in air at around 660 °C to the pentoxide (V 2 O 5 ) Malleable and not brittle Oxide layer forms at room temperature

7. APPLICATION OF VANADIUM AND ITS COMPOUNDS Compounds Oxide(s):VO, V 2 O 3, VO 2, V 2 O 5 (vanadium pentoxide) Chloride(s):VCl 2, VCl 3, VCl 4 Hydride(s):VH, VH 2

8. Uses Ferrovanadium steel additive adds strength, toughness, and heat resistance axles ( 車軸 ) bicycle frames crankshafts( 機軸 ) gears

9. Vanadium-gallium superconducting magnet catalyst in manufacturing sulphuric acid making ceramics surgical instruments and tools Titanium-aluminum-vanadium alloy in jet engines and for high-speed aircraft vanadium dioxide VO 2, production of glass coatings Vanadium oxide, induce color centers in corundum for simulated alexandrite jewellery

10. HARMFUL EFFECTS The higher the oxidation state of vanadium, the more toxic the compound Vanadium pentoxide dust irritates the mucous membranes of the upper respiratory tract, bronchi, lungs, eyes, and skin of exposed humans

11. END