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Week 04, Day 2 W10D2 DC Circuits Today’s Reading Assignment W10D2 DC Circuits & Kirchhoff’s Loop Rules Course Notes: Sections 1 Class 09 1
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Announcements PS 8 due Week 11 Tuesday at 9 pm in boxes outside or Next Reading Assignment W10D3 PS07: PhET: Building a Circuit , 7.10 Exam 3 Thursday April :30 pm –9:30 pm Class 12
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Outline DC Circuits Kirchoff’s Laws Electrical Power
Measuring Voltage and Current Class 12
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DC Circuits Class 12
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Examples of Circuits Class 12
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Symbols for Circuit Elements
Battery Resistor Capacitor Switch Equipotential Junction Branch Class 12
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Electromotive Force (EMF)
The work per unit charge around a closed path done is called electromotive force EMF. This is a bad name because it is not a force. Let denote the force per unit charge, then the EMF is If a conducting closed path is present then Class 22
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Ideal Battery Inside Battery: chemical force , non-zero inside battery (zero outside), moves charges through a region in which static electric field opposes motion 2) Ideal battery: net force on charges is zero 3) Potential difference between its terminals 4) Extend path through external circuit where Class 12
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Concept Question The electric field inside the battery points to
The left The Right Class 12
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Concept Question Answer
The electric field inside the battery points to The left Goes from positive to negative charge Class 12
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Sign Conventions - Battery
Moving from the negative to positive terminal of a battery increases your potential Moving from the positive to negative terminal of a battery decreases your potential Class 12
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Concept Question The electric field inside the resistor points to
The left The Right Class 12
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Concept Question Answer
The electric field inside the resistor points to The right Electric field pushes charge in the same direction, so current in direction of E This is cause and effect! Class 12
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Sign Conventions - Resistor
Moving across a resistor in the direction of current decreases your potential Direction of current Is the same as direction of electric field which points to lower electric potential Moving across a resistor in the direction of current decreases your potential Class 12
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Internal Resistance Real batteries have an internal resistance, r, which is small but non-zero Terminal voltage: (Even if you short the leads you don’t get infinite current) Class 12
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Series vs. Parallel Series Parallel Class 12
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Resistors In Series The same current I must flow through both resistors Class 12
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Current Conservation Sum of currents entering any junction in a circuit must equal sum of currents leaving that junction. Class 14
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Resistors In Parallel Voltage drop across the resistors must be the same Class 12
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Concept Q: Resistors In Parallel
Suppose that Then the equivalent resistance 2. 3. 4. Class 12
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Concept Q: Resistors In Parallel
Answer 1. When Then the equivalent resistance is the smaller resistance. This is an important circuit design principle. Class 12
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Group Problem: Four Resistors
Four resistors are connected to a battery as shown in the figure. The current in the battery is I, the battery emf is ε, and the resistor values are R1 = R, R2 = 2R, R3 = 4R, R4 = 3R. Determine the current in each resistor in terms of I. Class 14
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Measuring Voltage & Current
Class 14
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Measuring Potential Difference
A voltmeter must be hooked in parallel across the element you want to measure the potential difference across Voltmeters have a very large resistance, so that they don’t affect the circuit too much Class 14
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Measuring Current An ammeter must be hooked in series with the element you want to measure the current through Ammeters have a very low resistance, so that they don’t affect the circuit too much Class 14
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Concept Question: Measuring Current
If R1 > R2, compare the currents measured by the three ammeters: I1 > I2 > I3 I2 > I1 > I3 I3 > I1 > I2 I3 > I2 > I1 I3 > I1 = I2 None of the above Not enough information is given. Class 14
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Concept Question Answer: Measuring Current
Answer: 4. I3 > I2 > I1 The total current must add to the two individual currents, so I3 must be largest. Most current prefers to go through the smaller resistor so I2 > I1 . Class 14
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Measuring Resistance An ohmmeter must be hooked in parallel across the element you want to measure the resistance of Here we are measuring R1 Ohmmeters apply a voltage and measure the current that flows. They typically won’t work if the resistor is powered (connected to a battery) Class 14
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Concept Question: Bulbs & Batteries
An ideal battery is hooked to a light bulb with wires. A second identical light bulb is connected in parallel to the first light bulb. After the second light bulb is connected, the current from the battery compared to when only one bulb was connected. Is Higher Is Lower Is The Same Don’t know Class 12
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Concept Question Answer: Bulbs & Batteries
Answer: 1. More current flows from the battery There are several ways to see this: (A) The equivalent resistance of the two light bulbs in parallel is half that of one of the bulbs, and since the resistance is lower the current is higher, for a given voltage. (B) The battery must keep two resistances at the same potential I doubles. Class 12
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Concept Question: Bulbs & Batteries
An ideal battery is hooked to a light bulb with wires. A second identical light bulb is connected in series with the first light bulb. After the second light bulb is connected, the current from the battery compared to when only one bulb was connected. Is Higher Is Lower Is The Same Class 12
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Concept Question Answer: Bulbs & Batteries
Answer: 2. Less current flows from the battery The equivalent resistance of the two light bulbs in series is twice that of one of the bulbs, and since the resistance is higher the current is lower, for the given voltage. Class 12
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Electrical Power Power is change in energy per unit time
So power to move current through circuit elements: Class 14
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Power - Battery Moving from the negative to positive terminal of a battery increases your potential. If current flows in that direction the battery supplies power I Class 14
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Power – Resistor (Joule Heating)
Moving across a resistor in the direction of current decreases your potential. Resistors always dissipate power Class 14
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Concept Question: Power
An ideal battery is hooked to a light bulb with wires. A second identical light bulb is connected in parallel to the first light bulb. After the second light bulb is connected, the power output from the battery (compared to when only one bulb was connected) Is four times higher Is twice as high Is the same Is half as much Is ¼ as much Class 14
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Concept Question Answer: Power
Answer: 2. Is twice as high The current from the battery must double (it must raise two light bulbs to the same voltage difference) and Class 14
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Concept Question: Power
An ideal battery is hooked to a light bulb with wires. A second identical light bulb is connected in series with the first light bulb. After the second light bulb is connected, the light (power) from the first bulb (compared to when only one bulb was connected) Is four times higher Is twice as high Is the same Is half as much Is ¼ as much Class 14
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Concept Question Answer: Power
Answer: 5. Is 1/4 as bright R doubles current is cut in half. So power delivered by the battery is half what it was. But that power is further divided between two bulbs now. Class 14
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Kirchhoff’s Loop Rules
Class 14
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Recall: Current Conservation
Sum of currents entering any junction in a circuit must equal sum of currents leaving that junction. Class 14
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Sum of Potential Differences Around a Closed Path
Sum of potential differences across all elements around any closed circuit loop must be zero. Class 12
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Sum of Potential Differences Around a Closed Path
Sum of potential differences across all elements around any closed circuit loop must be zero. Class 12
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Demonstration: Five Different Types of Resistance F13
13&show=0 Class 14
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Steps of Solving Circuit Problem
1. Straighten out circuit (make squares) 2. Simplify resistors in series/parallel 3. Assign current loops (arbitrary) 4. Write loop equations (1 per loop) 5. Solve Class 14
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Worked Example: Circuit
What is current through each branch of the circuit shown in the figure below? Class 14
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Worked Example: Simple Circuit
Current conservation at a: Lower Loop: Start at a and circulate clockwise. Then Upper Loop: Start at a and circulate counterclockwise. Then Solve for I2: and Class 14
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Demonstration: Wheatstone Bridge F14
14&show=0 Class 14
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Group Problem: Wheatstone Bridge
A circuit consisting of two resistors with R1=6.0 ohms and R2=1.5 ohms, a variable resistor, with resistance Rvar, a resistor of unknown value Ru, and 9.0 volt battery, are connected as shown in the figure. When Rvar is adjusted to 12 ohms, there is zero current through the ammeter. What is the unknown resistance Ru? Class 14
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