3. At the end of the day, students will be able to discuss the health effects of polluted water. Students will also begin to think about their memo. We thank Ms. Lisa Hilleke, the UN, and WHO for some of the material in this lecture.

4.  Environment  Health  Disease  Agent  Exposure  Risk  Safe

5.  What is it?  Is it a problem here?  Please go to the WHO website, Cholera Factsheet.  Use Cholera example to review these concepts.

6.  Environment  Health  Disease  Agent  Exposure  Risk  Safe

7.  The water cycle  Profiles of agents

8.  71% of surface covered in water.  Approx. 5% is fresh water.  Approx. 80% of water used is for agriculture; remainder is industry and household.  This is use, not necessarily pollution.

9.  1.2 million people live in water scarcity  500 million are near it.  Need for water rises with population, urbanization, and industry.  Greater scarcity increases use of waste or sea water for irrigation: Salination.  Greater scarcity leads to more concentrated pollution:  “The solution to pollution is dilution.”

14.  Substances that contaminate or poison the environment  Point vs. non-point source  Examples  Sewage  Pesticides  Fertilizers (eutrophication)  Industrial waste: petrochemicals, asbestos  Oil: spills, run-off, transportation, dumping, leakage from storage  Root cause of many diseases that kill and disable humans

18.  the type of agent concerned,  the dose,  the age or developmental stage of the person exposed (the fetus is most susceptible),  the duration of exposure,  the route of exposure (inhalation, ingestion or dermal contact).

19.  Agent  Bioaccumulation  Disease  Exposure  Latency  Carrier  Case Fatality rate  (Case fatality rate varies with or without treatment, e.g.: Typhoid drops from 10% to 1% with antibiotics and fluids.)

21. Thank you to the World Health Organization

22.  Agent: Radiation / toxic metal  Disease: Normal functioning of the kidney, brain, liver, heart, and reproductive systems are impaired  Sources: Depleted uranium shells  Exposure: after conflict, people could inhale dusts or consume contaminated food and drinking water

23.  Agent: Salmonella typhi, a bacterium  Disease: Symptoms usually develop 1–3 weeks after exposure, and may include high fever, malaise, headache, constipation or diarrhea, rose- colored spots on the chest, and enlarged liver. Healthy carrier state may follow acute illness. Case-fatality: 10%.  Exposure; transmitted through the ingestion of food or drink contaminated by the faeces or urine of infected people.

25.  Agent: element  Disease: Toxic effects on the nervous, digestive and immune systems, and on lungs, kidneys, skin and eyes; threat to the development of the child in utero and early in life.  Source: burning coal, incinerators, mining, industrial processes, natural formation  Exposure: Inhalation, ingestion, dermal contact  People can be exposed to methylmercury when they eat seafood

27.  Agent: element  Disease  Young children: profound and permanent adverse health effects, particularly affecting the development of the brain and nervous system.  Adults: increased risk of high blood pressure and kidney damage  Pregnant women: miscarriage, stillbirth, premature birth and low birth weight, as well as minor malformations.  Source: Mining, smelting, manufacturing, leaded paint and leaded gasoline, natural formation  Exposure: ingestion of lead-contaminated dust, water, dermal contact

28.  Afghanistan  Algeria  North Korea  Myanmar (Burma)  Yemen  Iraq

31.  Agent: element  Disease: Cancer and skin lesions; also been associated with developmental effects, cardiovascular disease, neurotoxicity and diabetes.  Source: Natural formation, manufacturing, tobacco  Exposure: Contaminated water used for drinking, food preparation and irrigation of food crops

34.  What is it?  Our actions will have results we cannot predict.  Example: DDT to prevent Malaria  This is why precaution and alternatives are important.

35.  Asbestos: US$250 billion  Leaded gasoline  Chlorofluorocarbons (CFCs)  Unleaded gasoline  Microbeads in Great Lakes  Precautionary principle (next week)

38.  Moodle is up and running!  Please join.  Please read and understand:  Chapter 4 of Brown,  “Evaluation of Drinking Water” research,  the two NYT articles listed in Week 1,  And the UN water in Iraq factsheet