1. Instrumentation for medical physics applications Barbara Camanzi, PPD/RAL Instrumentation for radiotherapy Imaging: 1. Fast Time Of Flight PET 2. Electron Portal Imaging Devices In-vivo dosimetry Other non medical activities Conclusions

2. B.Camanzi@rl.ac.uk2/7 Instrumentation for radiotherapy UK government is supporting expansion of radiotherapy for cancer treatment. New advanced instrumentation is needed => plenty of possibilities to apply particle physics techniques in the field of radiotherapy. Many thanks to RM/ICR colleagues. Instrumentation => Looking at the treatment from the patient end = to make sure that the right dose is delivered at the right side (tumour location). Right location = imaging P: Better and faster imaging of tumours (organs with high degree of movement) is needed to precisely located them in respect to the therapeutic beam. S: Development of a fast Time Of Flight PET. Development of fast Electron Portal Imaging Devices (EPIDs) with higher quantum efficiency than ones currently available (few %). Right dose = dosimetry P: EU directive for performing online dosimetry measurements for every patient and every treatment fraction. S: Development of an online in-vivo dosimetry system.

3. B.Camanzi@rl.ac.uk3/7 Imaging: Fast Time Of Flight PET Fast high quality imagines to precisely locate the tumour: fast Time Of Flight PET that achieves sub-cm position resolution (50 ps timing resolution). Candidate technologies: fast scintillators coupled to SiPMs. 1. Fast and bright scintillators: new lanthanum halide materials by Saint- Gobain Crystals 2. SiPMs: fast and insensitive to magnetic fields => PET/MRI combined R&D required: 1. Preparation of scintillating material samples and coupling to SiPM. 2. Measurement of system performance: response time, light yield, energy resolution. 3. Design and optimisation of a simple demonstrator system: 2 channels. 4. Measurement of performance of demonstrator system: time of flight. Funds: 1. Just received some CLIK funds (£82.5k) for R&D stages 1. and 2. 2. Another application in with NHS (New and Emerging Applications of Technology call), outcome by end of May.

4. B.Camanzi@rl.ac.uk4/7 Imaging: Electron Portal Imaging Devices (EPIDs) High quality radiography images taken during treatment using therapeutic beam to centre beam on tumour: fast and high quantum efficiency EPIDs placed behind patient. Candidate technologies: fast scintillators coupled to SiPMs. 1. fast scintillators: lanthanum halides, CsI, etc. 2. SiPMs: multipixels = high spatial resolution R&D required: 1. Design of an EPID based on scintillators coupled to SiPMs: dimensions, number of channels, etc. 2. Preparation of the scintillators and SiPMs matrixes and coupling of the two matrixes. 3. Measurement of the system performance: quantum efficiency, images. Funds: None yet. Planning to find a suitable funding scheme and apply during this year.

5. B.Camanzi@rl.ac.uk5/7 In-vivo dosimetry (See also Giulio Villani presentation) In-vivo dosimetry at the tumour site: implantable + intracavitary applications. Candidate dosimeters: SiO 2 devices sensitive to radiation = shift in threshold voltage following irradiation when biased with constant current. 1. Floating gate devices (see Giulio Villani talk) 2. RadFETs (Radiation sensitive MOSFETs; already used in particle physics experiments, for ex. BaBar and LHC) R&D required: 1. Characterisation of dosimeters under irradiation of “therapeutic” beams. 2. Implanted: development of a wireless miniaturised sensor combined with position sensor. 3. Intracavitary: development of a miniaturised sensor to fit in catheters. 4. Clinical trials. Funds: some CLIK funds to test floating gate devices (see Giulio Villani talk) and collaborations with Brunel (Akram Khan + PhD student) and possibly R.E.M. (Andrew Holmes-Siedle). Possibly look for other funds during this year.

6. B.Camanzi@rl.ac.uk6/7 Other non medical activities Following invited talk at RADECS 2006, paper on dosimetry for particle accelerators and nuclear fusion reactors published in May 2008 issue of Nature Materials. http://www.nature.com/nmat/journal/v7/n5/full/nmat2159.html

7. B.Camanzi@rl.ac.uk7/7 Conclusions Wealth of exciting projects to further take technologies developed for particle physics into the medical physics (radiotherapy) world. My plans: get for the moment three projects going. Potentials in other fields: nuclear fusion.