1. Sequestration Technology Manager Sean Plasynski – National Energy Technology Laboratory

2. National Energy Technology Laboratory Carbon Sequestration R&D Overview Office of Fossil Energy Global Task Force on Carbon Capture and Sequestration The Earth Institute – Columbia University Feb. 14, 2008 Sean Plasynski, PhD Sequestration Technology Manager

3. Office of Fossil Energy Annual CO 2 Emissions Extremely Large EmissionsTotal Release in the U.S., short tons per year Mercury120 Sulfur Dioxide (SO 2 )15,000 Municipal solid waste230,000,000 Carbon Dioxide (CO 2 )6,300,000,000 Data sources: Mercury - EPA National Emissions Inventory (1999 data); SO 2 - EPA air trends (2002 data); MSW - EPA OSWER fact sheet (2001 data); CO 2 - EIA AEO 2004 (2002 data) 1 million metric tons of CO 2 : Every year would fill a volume of 32 million cubic feet Close to the volume of the Empire State Building

4. Office of Fossil Energy Technological Carbon Management Options Improve Efficiency Sequester Carbon  Renewables  Nuclear  Fuel Switching  Demand Side  Supply Side  Capture & Store  Enhance Natural Sinks Reduce Carbon Intensity All options needed to:  Affordably meet energy demand  Address environmental objectives

5. Office of Fossil Energy DOE’s Sequestration Program Structure Infrastructure Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Break- through Concepts Monitoring, Mitigation, & Verification Non-CO 2 GHG Mitigation Storage  Direct CO 2 storage  Enhanced natural sinks Core R&D Capture of CO 2 Initiated FY 2003 CarbonSequestrationLeadershipForumCarbonSequestrationLeadershipForum Integration Projects

6. Office of Fossil Energy Carbon Sequestration Program Goals  Deliver technologies & best practices that validate:  90% CO 2 capture  99% storage permanence  < 10% increase in COE (pre-combustion capture)  < 20% increase in COE (post- and oxy-combustion)  +/- 30% storage capacity

7. Office of Fossil Energy Key Challenges to CCS  Sufficient Storage Capacity ?  Cost of CCS ?  Permanence ?  Infrastructure ?  Transport Lines  Permitting  Regulatory framework  Public Acceptance (NIMBY  NUMBY)  Liability  Best Practices  Human Capital Resources

8. Office of Fossil Energy Sufficient Storage Capacity ? Validate Storage Capacity to +/- 30% Accuracy

9. Office of Fossil Energy North American CO 2 Storage Potential (Giga Tons) Sink TypeLowHigh Saline Formations9693,223 Unmineable Coal Seams7097 Oil and Gas Fields8283 Available for download at http://www.netl.doe.gov/publications/carbon_seq/refshelf.html U.S. Emissions ~ 6 GT CO 2 /yr all sources Hundreds of Years of Storage Potential National Atlas Highlights Adequate Storage Projected Saline Formations Oil and Gas FieldsUnmineable Coal Seams Conservative Resource Assessment

10. Office of Fossil Energy 200,000 Storage Option Deep Saline Formations Depleted Oil & Gas Fields Coal Seams Capacity (Gigaton CO 2 ) Annual World Emissions Storage Options: IEA Technical Review (TR4), March 23, 2004 World Emissions: DOE/EIA, International Energy Outlook 2003, Table A10 24 Gigatons CO 2 Maximum Capacity Potential Worldwide Geologic Storage Capacity (Thousands of Years of Potential Storage Capacity)

11. Office of Fossil Energy Cost of CCS ? < 10% increase in COE (pre-combustion capture) < 20% increase in COE (post- and oxy-combustion)

12. Office of Fossil Energy CCS Is Expensive !  5–30% parasitic energy loss  35–110% increase in capital cost  30–80% increase in cost of electricity 2012 Program Goals Source: Cost and Performance Baseline for Fossil Energy Power Plants study, Volume 1: Bituminous Coal and Natural Gas to Electricity.

13. Office of Fossil Energy Advanced physical solvents Advanced amine solvents Post-combustion Pre-combustion Oxycombustion CO 2 Compression Amine solvents Physical solvents Cryogenic oxygen Cost Reduction Benefit Chemical looping OTM boiler Biological processes Ionic liquids MOFs Enzymatic membranes CAR process PBI membranes Solid sorbents Membrane systems ITMs Technology Advances Are Starting to Emerge 20+ yearsPresent5+ years10+ years15+ years Time to Commercialization CO 2 Compression

14. Office of Fossil Energy Permanence ? Develop tools, protocols & best practices Verify 99% storage retention

15. Office of Fossil Energy Tools, Protocols, and Best Practices All Risks & Leakage Pathways Are Being Studied  Environmental Risks  Migration into other strata, displacement of underground fluids, …  Health and Safety Risks  CO 2 is a nontoxic, inert gas that displaces oxygen - asphyxiation  Economic Risks  Liability and operational considerations, EOR commercially proven Best Practices Manual  Developing Science Protocol FY08 w/Office of Science  Geologic characterization, site development and operations, risk assessment and mitigation strategies, implementation, outreach,…  Evolve into BMP as research continues

16. Office of Fossil Energy Monitoring, Mitigation, and Verification Technologies & Protocols Are Emerging

17. Office of Fossil Energy Infrastructure ? Put “first of kind” projects in place Develop protocols & best practices Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships

18. Office of Fossil Energy DOE’s Sequestration Program Structure Break- through Concepts Monitoring, Mitigation, & Verification Non-CO 2 GHG Mitigation Storage  Direct CO 2 storage  Enhanced natural sinks Core R&D Capture of CO 2 CarbonSequestrationLeadershipForumCarbonSequestrationLeadershipForum Integration Projects 7 Regional Partnerships  Engage regional, state, local governments  Determine regional sequestration benefits  Baseline region for sources and sinks  Establish monitoring and verification protocols  Address regulatory, environmental, & outreach issues  Validate sequestration technology and infrastructure Infrastructure

19. Office of Fossil Energy Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Characterization Phase 24 months (2003-2005) Validation Phase 4 years (2005 - 2009) 7 Partnerships (41 states) 25 Geologic field validation tests Deployment Phase 10 years (2008-2017) Several large injection tests in different geology Representing:  >350 Organizations  41 States  4 Canadian Provinces  3 Indian Nations  34% cost share Creating Infrastructure for Wide Scale Deployment

20. Office of Fossil Energy Phase II Field Validation 25 Geologic Tests 17 23 24 25 5 19 2120 22 1 2 3 4 9 8 7 11 14 12 13 6 15 16 18 10 Northwest Alberta Formation Type Oil bearing Gas bearing Saline formation Coal seam Partnerships MRCSP MGSC SECARB SWP WESTCARB Big Sky PCOR  Injections 750-525,000 Tons CO 2  Larger in conjunction with EOR  Validating geologic formation capacities and injectivity  Testing formation seals  MMV technologies  Permitting requirements  Public outreach

21. Office of Fossil Energy Summary of Regional Carbon Sequestration Partnerships Phase II Field Activities – estimate as of Q2 2007 FY 2006FY 2007FY 2008FY 2009 Geologic Field Test Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Q4Q4 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Q4Q4 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Q4Q4 Q1Q1 Q2Q2 Q3Q3 Q4Q4 Big Sky Basalt and Mafic Rock Field Validation Test MRCSP Appalachian Basin Geologic Test Cincinnati Arch Geologic Test Michigan Basin Geologic Test MGSC Saline Formation Tests Enhanced Oil Recovery Tests (Huff 'n Puff) Enhanced Oil Recovery Well Conversion Enhanced Coalbed Methane Tests PCOR Lignite in North Dakota Field Validation Test Zama Field Validation Test Beaver Lodge EOR Field Test SECARB Gulf Coast Stacked Storage Project Black Warrior Basin Coal Test Central Appalachian Basin Coal Test Saline Reservoir Field Test: The Mississippi Test Site SWPCS Paradox Basin, UT: Aneth EOR-Seq and Deep Saline Tests Permian Basin,TXe SACROC-Claytonville EOR-Seq Test San Juan Basin, NM: ECBM-Sequestration Test WESTCARB Rosetta Resources Gas Reservoir and Saline Formation Northern Arizona Saline Formation CO2 Storage Pilot - Baseline - Drilling - Injection - MMV

22. Office of Fossil Energy Deployment Phase Scaling Up Towards Commercialization  FY 2008-2017 (10 years)  Several Large Volume Sequestration tests in North America  Injection rates up to 1,000,000 tons per year for several years  Scale up is required to provide insight into several operational and technical issues in different formations Years 1-3 Site selection and characterization; Permitting and NEPA compliance; Well completion and testing; Infrastructure development Years 4-7 CO 2 procurement and transportation; Injection operations; Monitoring activities Years 8-10 Site closure; Post injection monitoring; Project assessment Phase III Timeline

23. Office of Fossil Energy MGSC Large-Volume Sequestration Test with Ethanol Plant Source PCOR Williston Basin CO 2 Sequestration and EOR Test PCOR Fort Nelson CO 2 Acid Gas Injection Project SECARB Phase III Saline Formation Demonstration 1. Early Test 2. Anthropogenic Test SWP Deep Saline Deployment Project Large Scale Test Locations as of 2/8/2008 - Test Location - Partnership Headquarters

24. Office of Fossil Energy Deployment Phase Outcomes  Site characterization requirements  Storage capacity assessment  Design criteria  Injection wells  Regional monitoring, mitigation, and verification program  Site Closure  Permitting requirements  Validate reservoir and risk assessment models  Accelerate public outreach  Science Protocols  Best practice manuals

25. Office of Fossil Energy Visit Office of Fossil Energy & NETL Websites http://fossil.energy.gov/ http://www.netl.doe.gov