1. Bellringer 2/2 Use your notes and/or textbook to answer: What term was used to designate the right of Spanish settlers to use Native populations for workers. What was the name of the set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century? The difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time is called what? What is necessary to have a favorable one? In a mercantilist economy, colonies produce what? What does the mother country produce? What term was used to designate the right of Spanish settlers to use Native populations for workers. What was the name of the set of principles that dominated economic thought in the seventeenth century? The difference in value between what a nation imports and what it exports over time is called what? What is necessary to have a favorable one? In a mercantilist economy, colonies produce what? What does the mother country produce?

2. European Expansion Colonization and Global Economies

3. Essential Questions What were the immediate effects and the long lasting effects of Colonialism? What were the economic and cultural effects of the Columbian Exchange?

4. Global Expansion of European Economies 1. With the discovery of the New World and new trade routes to Africa and Asia, European countries began to dominate global trade over the seas. European countries established colonies which linked their control of foreign lands. A colony is a settlement of people living in a new territory, linked with the parent country by trade and direct government control Colonies played a role in the theory of mercantilism, a set of principles that dominated economic thought in the 17 th century

5. Short Films Mercantilism quickie: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bouw3MvmrYM https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bouw3MvmrYM Spanish Mercantilism version: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=RfsEwWDIYYE HOM—Incan Silver (Treasure) 5:45 to 13:34

6. Mercantilism 2. According to mercantilism theory, the prosperity of a nation depended on a large supply of gold and silver To bring in gold and silver, nations tried to have a favorable balance of trade. A trade balance is the difference between a nations imports and exports A favorable balance means a nation exports more than it imports To encourage a favorable balance of trade, governments stimulated industries through subsidies. Subsidies are funds spent by governments to help build infrastructure, like highways, storage facilities, and ports to encourage trade Governments will also charge a tariff, or a tax, on imports, so imported goods cannot compete with local goods

7. Columbian Exchange 3. Trade with the new world transformed economic activity in both worlds, and created great wealth for the Spanish. Queen Isabella granted Spanish settlers encomienda—the right to use Natives for labor. Spanish were suppose to protect Natives, they did not. Natives worked to death in slave like conditions Catholic Monks converted Natives. European culture, language, and political systems were instituted. Colonist began the transfer of New World products to Europe, and vice versa European products to the New World. The exchange of plants, animals, cultures, disease, technology, ideas, and people between Europe, Africa, and the New World was known as the Columbian Exchange.

9. Old World to New WorldNew World to Old World Diseases Smallpox, Measles, Chicken Pox Malaria, Yellow Fever, Influenza, The Common Cold Syphilis Animals Horses, Cattle, Pigs, Sheep Goats, Chickens Turkeys, Llamas, Alpacas, Guinea Pigs Plants Rice Wheat Barley Oats Coffee Sugarcane Bananas Melons Olives Dandelions Daisies Clover Ragweed Kentucky Bluegrass Corn (Maize) Potatoes (White & Sweet Varieties) Beans (Snap, Kidney, & Lima Varieties) Tobacco Peanuts Squash Peppers Tomatoes Pumpkins Pineapples Cacao (Source of Chocolate) Chicle (Source of Chewing Gum) Papayas Guavas Avocados

10. Columbian Exchange: Livestock 4. The Columbian exchange of animals largely went through one route, from Europe to the New World. Llamas were the only domesticated animals in Latin America. Horses, donkeys, mules, pigs, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens, large dogs, cats and bees were rapidly adopted by native peoples for transport, food, and other uses New World to Old World included llamas, alpacas, guinea pigs, turkeys, and ducks

11. The Introduction of New Diseases Nearly all of the European diseases were communicable by air & touch. Smallpox, measles, diphtheria, whooping cough, chicken pox, bubonic plague, scarlet fever and influenza were the most common diseases exchanged. Illness in Europe was considered to be the consequence of sin. Indians, who were largely “heathen” or non-Christian were regarded as sinners and therefore subject to illness as a punishment.

12. Smallpox Central Mexico - 25 million in 1519 to less than one million in 1605 Hispañola - One million in 1492 to 46,000 in 1512 North America - 90% of Native Americans gone within 100 years of Plymouth landing

13. Effects of Diseases Native American population dramatically decreases Europeans need labor to cultivate new crops in the Americas, but there aren’t many natives left. Europeans look to Africa & begin to import African slaves to the Americas.

14. Impact of the Columbian Exchange Different Foods –Exchange of foods & animals had a dramatic impact on later societies. –Over time, crops native to the Americas became staples in the diets of Europeans. –Foods provided nutrition, helped people live longer. –Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes--by 1600s, tomatoes were included in Italian cookbooks. Economics –Activities like cattle ranching and coffee growing were not possible without Columbian Exchange. –Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange. –The needs for labor in New World created explosion in Slave Trade. Different Foods –Exchange of foods & animals had a dramatic impact on later societies. –Over time, crops native to the Americas became staples in the diets of Europeans. –Foods provided nutrition, helped people live longer. –Until contact with Americas, Europeans had never tried tomatoes--by 1600s, tomatoes were included in Italian cookbooks. Economics –Activities like cattle ranching and coffee growing were not possible without Columbian Exchange. –Traditional cuisines changed because of Columbian Exchange. –The needs for labor in New World created explosion in Slave Trade.

15. Effects Around the Globe The Columbian Exchange not only impacted Europe & the Americas, but also… China: –Arrival of easy-to-grow, nutritious corn helped the population grow tremendously. Africa: –two native crops of Americas--corn, peanuts--still among most widely grown Scholars estimate one-third of all food crops grown in the world are of American origin.

16. Global Expansion: Global Companies 5. England, the Dutch, and other European countries all began racing for superiority in global trade. The English established trade with India in the early 1600’s. The Dutch arrived in India in 1595 They formed the East India Company, which competed with the English and Portuguese for trade with India. In the New World, in north eastern North America, (New Netherlands), they started the West India Company After 1660, the Dutch lost control their North American territory to the English, (renamed New York) English, Portugal, and Spanish economic dominance would lead to the collapse of the Dutch commercial empire.

17. Additional Colonization and Economic Expansion 6. During the 1600s, the French colonized parts of Canada and Louisiana The English founded colonies in Virginia and Massachusetts By 1700, the English had a colonial empire along the eastern seaboard The English also established sugar plantations throughout the Caribbean Islands The English quickly realized the real sustainable profit of the new world was not gold and silver finds, but farming. However, the death of so many Native Americans created a shortage of labor. Both the English and the Spanish began looking for new sources The lack of labor due to decreasing Native populations created a demand for a new source: African slaves.

18. Voyages of European Exploration

20. The Slave Trade The slave trade began as Portugal gained an early foothold in Africa- Their routes around Africa required many replenishing stops along African coast. They began establishing ports and forts throughout West Africa, as supply outposts for their long expeditions. There were also trading posts to exchange goods with African natives. They left enough men and firepower to defend the forts and not to colonize. The shortage of needed labor in the new world created a market for slaves sold by Africans at their ports.

21. The Slave Trade 1518: The first shipment of slaves to new world delivered by Spanish. Over the next three centuries an estimated 50 million Africans died or became slaves. Slaves often died on the horrific trip across the ocean or from diseases when they reached the Americas The slave trade became part of the triangular trade which connected Europe, the America’s, and Africa The path carrying slaves to the America’s was called the Middle Passage.

23. The Slave Trade: African Sources Sadly, the slave trade was perpetuated by Africans themselves. African tribes viewed slaves as a source of income. Many African societies became very wealthy raiding defenseless villages. The result of the slave often was war among African tribes, simply to capture and sell slaves to European powers. Some African leaders tried to slow down or stop the transatlantic slave trade. The system was just too strong. King Alfonso of Congo raised his voice against the slave trade. He had been tortured by Portuguese missionaries. When he became a king in 1505, he asked the Portuguese to help him develop his country. Only slave traders answered.

24. The New American Society: From Plunder to Settlement 8. In the America’s, the influx of Europeans and African slaves combined with the existing Native populations created a new society and social class hierarchy. Social class was based on race. In Spanish colonies, intermarriage was permitted and widely accepted, however racial mixing changed social power and standing. peninsulares (whites from Spain, top of social class) creoles ( whites born in America) mestizos (offspring of European and Native) mulattoes (offspring of European and Africans)

25. The Colonial Class System Peninsulares Spanish ancestory Creoles Spanish and Black mixture. Mestizos Spanish and Indian mixture Mulattos White American and Black mixture Native Indians Black Slaves