1. Rocks
What are they?

2. The Rock Cycle 4/15/15
Key Question: What are rocks and where do rocks come from?
Initial Thoughts:

3. Evidence #1 What is a rock?
A rock is a mixture of minerals, rock fragments, volcanic glass, organic matter, or other natural materials.
Most rock used for building stone contains one or more common minerals, called rock-forming minerals, such as quartz, feldspar, mica, or calcite
When you look closely, the sparkles you see are individual crystals of minerals.

4. Rock Types Igneous Sedimentary Metamorphic
There are three types of rocks
Igneous
Sedimentary
Metamorphic

5. What is the rock cycle?
To show how rocks slowly change through time, scientists have created a model called the rock cycle.
It illustrates the processes that create and change rocks.

6. Rock Cycle Continued
The rock cycle shows the three types of rock— igneous, metamorphic, and sedimentary—and the processes that form them.

7. The Rock Cycle explains how Rocks and Natural Processes are related
weathering
Sedimentary
Metamorphic
Is the rock cycle really this simple, neat and colorful?
(NO)
Created October 2, 2000, revised September 2001
melting
pressure, heat
Igneous

8. What is the law of conservation of matter?
Law of conservation of matter states that matter cannot be created or destroyed.
The changes that take place in the rock cycle never destroy or create matter.
The elements are just redistributed in other forms.

9. Evidence #2: Dice Game
Paste your log into your journal You will roll a minimum of10 times, and follow the directions on the dice at each station. Record each step in your log.

10. Stations
#1 Compaction and Cementation #2 High Temperature and Pressure #3 Sediments #4 Igneous Rock #5 To The Surface #6 Metamorphic Rock #7 Sedimentary Rock #8 Melting #9 Cooling and Hardening #10 Magma #11 Weathering and Erosion

11. Evidence #3:What are Rocks?
A rock is a naturally occurring solid mixture of one or more minerals, or organic matter
Rocks are classified by how they are formed, their composition, and texture
Rocks change over time through the rock cycle

12. ROCKS

13. Rock Types

14. Rock Types

15. Rock Types

16. Rock Types Believe it or not , rocks can be classified into groups
-Just like living organisms
The three main groups are:
IGNEOUS SEDIMENTARY METAMORPHIC
What are the clues to help classify rocks?

17. The Rock Cycle
                                             
melting

18. The Rock Cycle

19. Igneous means “born of fire”
Igneous Rocks
Igneous means “born of fire”

20. Igneous Rocks Igneous rock begins as magma. Magma can form:
When rock is heated
When pressure is released
When rock changes composition
Magma freezes between
700 °C and 1,250 °C
Magma is a mixture of
many minerals

21. VOLCANOES!!!
Igneous!

22. Fig. 2.9
LAVA!!!
MAGMA

23. Igneous Rocks
Felsic: light colored rocks that are rich in elements such as aluminum, potassium, silicon, and sodium
Mafic: dark colored rocks that are rich in calcium, iron, and magnesium, poor in silicon
Coarse-grained: takes longer to cool, giving mineral crystals more time to grow
Fine-grained: cools quickly with little to no crystals

24. Igneous Rocks - examples
Coarse-Grained
Fine-Grained
Felsic
Granite
Rhyolite
Mafic
Gabbro
Basalt

25. Igneous Rocks
Intrusive Igneous Rocks: magma pushes into surrounding rock below the Earth’s surface
Extrusive Rocks: forms when magma erupts onto the Earth’s surface (lava), cools quickly with very small or no crystals formed

26. Mafic, fine grained, extrusive
Obsidian
What is Obsidian?
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Igneous Rocks
Obsidian is a dark-colored volcanic glass that forms from the very rapid cooling of molten rock material. It cools so rapidly that crystals do not form.
Is this rock Felsic or Mafic?
Is it fine-grained or coarse-grained?
Is this rock Intrusive or Extrusive?
Mafic, fine grained, extrusive

27. The Rock Cycle
                                             
melting

28. The Rock Cycle

29. But then the
EARTH’S elements
Won’t leave
The poor rock alone!

30. Ice
wind
Water
ice
wind
water

31. They break up the stone

32. Sedimentary Rocks Sedimenary rock is formed by erosion
Sediments are moved from one place to another
Sediments are deposited in layers, with the older ones
on the bottom
The layers become compacted and cemented together

33. Sedimentary Rock
Sedimentary Rocks are formed at or near the Earth’s surface
No heat and pressure involved
Strata – layers of rock
Stratification – the process in which sedimentary rocks are arranged in layers

34. Sedimentary Rock
Chemical sedimentary – minerals crystallize out of solution to become rock
Limestone is a sedimentary rock composed primarily of calcium carbonate (CaCO3) in the form of the mineral calcite. It most commonly forms in clear, warm, shallow marine waters.
It is usually an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation of shell, coral, algal and fecal debris.

35. Sedimentary Rock Organic sedimentary – remains of plants and animals
Coal is an organic sedimentary rock that forms from the accumulation and preservation of plant materials, usually in a swamp environment. 
Coal is a combustible rock and along with oil and natural gas it is one of the three most important fossil fuels. 

36. Sedimentary Rock
Clastic – made of fragments of rock cemented together with calcite or quartz
Breccia is a term most often used for clastic sedimentary rocks that are composed of large angular fragments (over two millimeters in diameter).
The spaces between the large angular fragments can be filled with a matrix of smaller particles or a mineral cement that binds the rock together.

37. The Rock Cycle
                                             
melting

38. The Rock Cycle

39. Metamorphic Rock Meaning to change shape Changes with temperature
and pressure, but remains
solid
Usually takes place deep in
the Earth

40. Metamorphic Rocks Contact Metamorphism – heated by nearby magma
Increased temperature changes the composition of the rock, minerals are changed into new minerals
Hornfels is a fine-grained non-foliated metamorphic rock produced by contact metamorphism
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41. Metamorphic Rocks
Regional Metamorphism – pressure builds up in rocks that is deep within the Earth
Large pieces of the Earth’s crust collide and the rock is deformed and chemically changed by heat and pressure

42. Metamorphic Rock Foliated - contain aligned grains of flat minerals
Gneiss is foliated metamorphic rock that has a banded appearance and is made up of granular mineral grains.
It typically contains abundant quartz or feldspar minerals.

43. Metamorphic Rock
Non-Foliated – mineral grains are not arranged in plains or bands
Marble is a non-foliated metamorphic rock that is produced from the metamorphism of limestone.
It is composed primarily of calcium carbonate.

44. Metamorphic Rock
Determine if the following rock samples are foliated or non-foliated:
Quartzite
Amphibolite
Phyllite
Foliated

45. The Rock Cycle
                                             
melting

46. The Rock Cycle

47. Analysis Questions Reminder: Answer in complete sentences.
What are rocks, and how are they created?
What are the 3 natural processes involved in the rock cycle?
How many times did you change into a different kind of rock? Describe 1 of the changes, naming the proccess(es) that caused the change.

48. Summary
What did you think about what rocks are and where they come from before this lesson? What did you learn about what rocks are and where they come from from this lesson? (Minimum of 3 sentences!!!) What are some further thoughts or questions you have about what rocks are and where they come from?

49. Reflection
Write a poem, narrative, or comic about a rock going though the rock cycle.

50. Big Idea
Rocks are created and changed through a process called the rock cycle.