1. Processes causing earthquakes

2. What causes earthquakes? The shaking motion of an earthquake is the result of a sudden release of energy. Earthquakes are caused when stress, building up within rocks of the earth's crust, is released in a sudden jolt. Rocks crack and slip past each other causing the ground to vibrate. Cracks along which rocks slip are called faults. They may break through the ground surface, or be deep within the earth. The location on a fault where slip first occurs is called the focus, whereas the position directly above it on the ground surface is called the epicentre.

3. The plates move… The convection currents have caused the earth’s outer layer to move and break – this has resulted in a number of different plates around the world.

4. There are many different types of plates on the earth’s surface.

5. When the plates collide it results in sub-duction. As the oceanic plates are heavier they are forced under the continental plate.

6. Transform faults Sometimes the plates slide past each other. When plates move in exactly opposite directions on either side of a fault (fracture) in the crust, the friction between them can cause severe earthquakes.

7. Plates may move apart When plates move apart magma from the earth’s surface forces its way up through cracks in the surface forming ocean ridges or volcanic islands. Sometimes this process causes earthquakes to occur.

8. Fold mountains

9. New Zealand fault lines These run on a NE/SE direction due to the alignment and moving together of the Indo- Australian and the Pacific plate. This instability has resulted in faulting, causing block mountains of the Southern Alps.

10. Fault movement Fault lines move horizontally or vertically. If a fault movement is sudden it will generate an earthquake. The point at which layers of rock shift underground and reposition themselves is the focus. Directly above this at ground level is the epi- centre where shock waves cause severe vibrations on the earth’s surface.

11. The location on a fault where slip first occurs is called the focus, whereas the position directly above it on the ground surface is called the epicentre.

12. Summary then..

13. Where do earthquakes occur? Stress that causes earthquakes is created by movement of almost rigid plates that fit together and make up the outer shell of the Earth. These plates "float" on a dense, more fluid layer just beneath them. The plates move at such a slow rate, about the same as a fingernail grows, that we do not notice it in our everyday lives. For instance, the Juan de Fuca plate off the coast of B.C. moves only about 4-5 cm/year relative to the North American plate. Over time, however, this small movement can build up enough stress to produce significant earthquakes. Earthquakes occur most frequently on, or near, the edges of plates where stress is most concentrated.

14. Location of world earthquakes…

15. New Zealand’s main faultlines

16. Likelihood of an earthquake occurring

17. New Zealand’s recent large earthquakes.

18. New Zealand’s shallow earthquakes… What patterns can be seen? Write a generalisation on where the shallow earthquakes have occurred in NZ in recent years.

19. New Zealand’s deep earthquakes… What patterns can be seen? Write a generalisation on where the shallow earthquakes have occurred in NZ in recent years. How does this compare to the shallow earthquakes?