1. Creating forest sector solutions www.fpinnovations.ca One vision Global competitiveness Erosion and sediment control: Handbook introduction Clayton Gillies RPF, RPBio Senior Researcher Forest Road Engineering

2. Handbook overview: beginning to end

3. Funding contribution

4. Background  Through an Advisory Committee process, members and partners identified erosion and sediment control as an area of high importance.  Initial cooperators and strong support originated in Alberta.  Soon took on a national focus.

5. Field days to gather input and determine needs Weyerhaeuser Company Limited, Nordegg, AB Millar Western Forest products Ltd, Whitecourt, AB Canadian Forest Products Ltd., Grande Prairie, AB Daishowa-Marubeni International Ltd., Peace River, AB Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc., Lac La Biche, AB Tolko Industries Ltd., Lumby. B.C. Participants represented the resource industries, Provincial government, and Federal government (DFO) Field days provided an excellent opportunity for participants to interact

6. Steering committee (blue) & National reviewers Juri Agapow, Diashowa-Marubeni International Ltd., AB Roy Crawford, Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc., AB Tony Gaboury, Alberta-Pacific Forest Industries Inc., AB Aaron Highmoor, Millar Western Forest Products Ltd., AB Brian Martell, Canadian Forest Products Ltd., AB Tom Plouffe, Millar Western Forest Products Ltd., AB Don Sarin, Weyerhaeuser Company Limited, AB Andre Savaria, Alberta Sustainable Resource Development, AB Christopher Spytz, West Fraser Mills Ltd., AB Robert Thomson, Diashowa-Marubeni International Ltd., AB Kathryn Collet, Department of Natural Resources, NB Mike Kelly, Stora Enso Port Hawkesbury Ltd, NS Mark Partington, FPInnovations, Feric Division, QC Gary Wearne, Domtar Pulp and Paper Products Inc., ON Eric Young, Department of Natural Resources, NL

7. Handbook layout: three main sections

8. Section1: introduction, planning, & riparian areas

9. Introduction to the types of erosion  Wind erosion and mass wasting not covered

10. Know your soils  Fine earth portion: - harder to identify - has higher erosion potential  Coarse fragments: - are easily identified - not many erosion issues  § 1 - Introduction

11. Know your erosion hazard Table 5 shows:  By soil type  By slope Layout and field notes:  Terrain or field indicators - i.e. long continuous slopes vs. benches and breaks

12. Planning  Control vs. repair: it is less costly to plan ahead and identify techniques to control erosion than conduct repairs.  Communication: discus plans with regulatory agencies and the field crews early in the process.  Phasing: plan the various phases of construction to occur closely to reduce the erosion potential of exposed soil.  Erosion and sediment control plan: from basic to complex depending on size of activity and known hazards.  § 1 - Planning

13. Planning: phasing example  Initial surfacing applied soon after road built  Additional surfacing  Hydroseeding  § 1 - Planning

14. Planning: phasing example  Felled ROW still gives cover to soil  Felled and hauled ROW leaves soil exposed

15. Planning: erosion and sediment control

16. Riparian areas  Last natural line of defense against sediment entering a watercourse  Protect water quality by maintaining stream bank and channel stability  Offer a filtering function for sediment-laden water arriving from upland areas  § 1 – Riparian areas

17. Riparian areas  Do not build roads adjacent to a stream  Older roads may need to be armored, upgraded or relocated  Narrow width of ROW felling when approaching a stream  Establish buffers

18. Section 2: principles and practices for e&s control

19. § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation & cover  Keep the amount of exposed soil to a minimum  Maintain existing ground cover  Cover exposed soils soon after exposure  Machine operating techniques should be considered  Keep surface rough as compared to smooth Key strategies for preventing erosion include:

20. Minimize exposed soil: by amount and time  § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation and cover

21. Minimize exposed soil: by amount and time

22. Maintain existing vegetation  § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation and cover  Bridge was constructed while maintaining riparian attributes below structure  Use of barriers or obstacles in the field can clearly mark disturbance limits

23. Maintain existing vegetation

24. Provide cover for exposed soils:Live  § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation and cover

25. Provide cover for exposed soils:Inert  § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation and cover

26. Use of straw

27. Machine operating techniques  § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation and cover  Machine tracking can result in 10% less erosion

28. Rough and irregular surface  § 2 - Preventing erosion: ground preparation and cover

29. § 2: Containing and collecting sediment  Slow the flow or movement  Increase roughness  Use of a flocculent Time for suspended sediment to fall 1 cm in water  § 2 – Containing and collecting sediment Strategies to promote deposition:

30. Slowing flow or movement Silt fenceCheck structure  § 2 – Containing and collecting sediment  All will require maintenance and removal of deposited material

31. Sediment pond / basin  § 2 – Containing and collecting sediment  Will require periodic maintenance  Meandering flow path promotes longer detention time

32. § 2: Diverting flows & seepage: upland water mgt.  Upland water can cause severe rills and gullies on exposed slopes.  Important to identify source areas and incorporate actions in an E&S control plan.

33. § 3: Practical applications: roads and crossings

34. Ditch armouring  § 3 – Ditches  Permanent versus temporary armouring  Consider shape of ditch and vegetation establishment

35. Ditch armouring (plus)

36. Check structures  § 3 – Ditches

37. Check structure spacing  § 3 – Ditches

38. Ditch turnouts  § 3 – Ditches  Disperse ditch flow into the forest  Spacing will vary by terrain and hazard

39. Ditch bypass and double ditching  § 3 – Ditches  Neither are all that common  Very site specific

40. Cross ditch and cross-drain culvert  Not suitable for main haul roads.  Spacing correlated to slope, soil type, and terrain.  § 3 – Ditches  Locate to allow water to maintain natural flow path.

41. Road surfaces  Rolling grade  Waterbar  Open-top surface drains  Deflectors  Outslope, inslope and crowned  Roadside berms

42. Rolling grades  § 3 – Road surfaces

43. Rolling grade

44. Waterbars  § 3 – Road surfaces

45. Deflectors and open-top surface drains  § 3 – Road surfaces

46. Outsloped, insloped and crowned surfaces  § 3 – Road surfaces  Shape of a road can promote positive water flow off the road.  Goal is to prevent water from accumulating, weakening or eroding a road.

47. Roadside berms  § 3 – Road surfaces  Can purposefully contain water to protect a resource.  Berm eventually breached away from fish-stream  Grader berms can pond water, weaken subgrade and should be avoided.

48. Cutslopes and fillslopes  Contain and direct water: by use of a slope drain, downdrain, or open-top flume  Terracing and increased roughness will promote deposition  Establish a cover: by seeding, mulching, use of fibrous mats, or bioengineering  § 3 – Cutslopes and fillslopes

49. Some maintenance may be required

50. Culverts  Armouring  Alternatives to aggregate armouring  Ditch considerations at stream crossings  Vertical alignment of road  Dewatering (during construction)  Stockpile management (during construction)  Protection against beaver damming

51. Armouring  § 3 – Culverts  Aggregate is typically the preferred material.  Can be used along the fillslope and the immediate stream bank

52. Alternatives to aggregate armouring  § 3 – Culverts  Before and after photos showing use of fibrous matting.  Numerous reinforcement mats available.  Wire-mesh gabions filled with smaller, rounded river-rock.

53. Ditch considerations at stream crossings  § 3 – Culverts  Fibrous matting used to armour against erosion.  Silt fences used to promote deposition of fines.  Ditch should not deliver water directly to a stream  Direct delivery of ditch water also delivers sediment.

54. Vertical alignment of road  § 3 – Culverts  Promote road surface flow away from stream.  Low area allows for overtopping during sever events.  Armour the low area as well if stream has potential to overtop the road

55. Dewatering  § 3 – Culverts  Can use a pump-&-hose system or a gravity system.  Gravity flow can be through an open trench or a contained bypass.  Dewatering during culvert installation doubles as a BMP for achieving desired compaction levels.

56. Stockpile management  § 3 – Culverts  Common to have a stockpile during culvert installations.  Need to consider how to: 1. prevent erosion of the stockpile (think cover) 2.contain sediment (think deposition).

57. Bridges  Bridge deck  Abutments and wing walls  Vertical alignment of bridge deck with the approaches

58. Bridge decks  § 3 – Bridges  Consider the amount of sediment delivered to bridge decks.  Retrofitted guard rails prevent direct delivery of sediment into a water course.

59. Abutment and wing walls  § 3 – Bridges  Abutments should be planned and placed where they are not affected by high flow events.  Armour below abutment to prevent undermining.  Wing walls vary by material composition and orientation.  They contain road fill and prevent ravel, but movement may occur where wall ends

60. Vertical alignment of bridge deck and approaches  § 3 – Bridges  Have the lowest area of the approach away from the bridge deck to force flows away from the stream.  Bridge decks positioned at low areas of the road will require water interception techniques.

61. Subsurface water management  Slumping due to subsurface saturation can cause erosion; especially noticeable along roads.  Common methods to address subsurface water is to build and utilize French drains or stand pipes.

62. Thank you clayton.gillies@fpinnovations.ca 604 228 1555 Ditch erosion repair

63. Thank you & wooden box culvert replacement clayton.gillies@fpinnovations.ca 604 228 1555