1. Mole Calculations

2. ? Visualizing a Chemical Reaction Na + Cl 2 NaCl ___ mole Cl 2 ___ mole NaCl___ mole Na 2 105 2 5

3. Formation of Ammonia

4. Proportional Relationships I have 5 eggs. How many cookies can I make? 3/4 c. brown sugar 1 tsp vanilla extract 2 eggs 2 c. chocolate chips Makes 5 dozen cookies. 2 1/4 c. flour 1 tsp. baking soda 1 tsp. salt 1 c. butter 3/4 c. sugar 5 eggs 2 eggs = 12.5 dozen cookies Ratio of eggs to cookies Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem 150 cookies 5 dozen Conversion Factor

5. Proportional Relationships StoichiometryStoichiometry –mass relationships between substances in a chemical reaction –based on the mole ratio Mole RatioMole Ratio –indicated by coefficients in a balanced equation 2 Mg + O 2  2 MgO Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

6. Stoichiometry Steps 1. Write a balanced equation. 2. Identify known & unknown. 3. Line up conversion factors. –Mole ratio - moles  moles –Molar mass -moles  grams –Molarity - moles  liters soln –Molar volume -moles  liters gas Core step in all stoichiometry problems!! –Mole ratio - moles  moles 4. Check answer. Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

7. 1 mol of a gas=22.4 L at STP Molar Volume at STP S tandard T emperature & P ressure 0°C and 1 atm Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

8. Molar Volume at STP Molar Mass (g/mol) 6.02  10 23 particles/mol MASS IN GRAMS MOLES NUMBER OF PARTICLES LITERS OF SOLUTION Molar Volume (22.4 L/mol) LITERS OF GAS AT STP Molarity (mol/L) Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

9. Stoichiometry Problems How many moles of KClO 3 must decompose in order to produce 9 moles of oxygen gas? 9 mol O 2 2 mol KClO 3 3 mol O 2 = 6 mol KClO 3 2KClO 3  2KCl + 3O 2 ? mol9 mol Courtesy Christy Johannesson www.nisd.net/communicationsarts/pages/chem

10. 1. 2 Sb + 3 Cl 2  2 SbCl 3 2. 2 Mg + O 2  2 MgO 3. CaCl 2  Ca + Cl 2 4. 2 NaClO 3  2 NaCl + 3 O 2 5. Fe + 2 HCl  FeCl 2 + H 2 6.CuO + H 2  Cu + H 2 O 7.2 Al + 3 H 2 SO 4  Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 + 3 H 2

11. 7.5 mol 1. 2 Sb + 3 Cl 2  2 SbCl 3 How many moles of chlorine gas are required to react with 5 moles of antimony? 5 molx mol x mol Cl 2 = 5 mol Sb 2 mol Sb 3 mol Cl 2 =7.5 mol Cl 2 How many moles of SbCl 3 are produced from 5 moles of antimony and excess Cl 2 ? x mol SbCl 3 = 5 mol Sb 2 mol Sb 2 mol SbCl 3 =5 mol SbCl 3 excessx mol How many moles of SbCl 3 are produced from 7.5 moles of Cl 2 and excess Sb? x mol SbCl 3 = 7.5 mol Cl 2 3 mol Cl 2 2 mol SbCl 3 =5 mol SbCl 3 2 5 mol 3 x mol = 2 x = 15 x = 7. 5 mol excess

12. 2. 2 Mg + O 2  2 MgO How many moles of magnesium oxide are produced from the burning of 10 mol of Mg? x mol MgO = 10 mol Mg 2 mol Mg 2 mol MgO =10 mol MgO x mol10 mol How many liters of oxygen are needed to burn 10 mol of Mg? x L O 2 = 10 mol Mg 2 mol Mg 1 mol O 2 =5 mol O 2 Assume 1 mol O 2 = 22.4 L 1 mol O 2 22.4 L O 2 =112 L O 2 x L x L O 2 = 10 mol Mg 2 mol Mg 1 mol O 2 22.4 L O 2 =112 L O 2

13. 3. CaCl 2  Ca + Cl 2 How many moles of calcium metal are produced from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride? x mol Ca = 8 mol CaCl 2 1 mol CaCl 2 1 mol Ca =8 mol Ca x mol8 mol How many moles of calcium metal and chlorine gas are produced from the decomposition of 8 mol of calcium chloride? x mol Cl 2 = 8 mol CaCl 2 1 mol CaCl 2 1 mol Cl 2 =8 mol Cl 2 and chlorine gas

14. Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Equations Keys Quantitative Relationships in Chemical Equations http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Equations.html

15. Chemical Equations (Paragraph – Vocabulary) Keys Chemical Equations (paragraph) http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Equations.html

16. Real Life Chemistry (for the business world) Keys Real Life Chemistry (for the business world) http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Equations.html

17. Pb 2+ NO 3 1– Na 1+ I 1– Ions in Aqueous Solution Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (s) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) add water NaI(s) + H 2 O(l) dissociation: + H 2 O(l) Na 1+ (aq) + I 1– (aq) Mix them and get… Balance to get overall ionic equation… Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation… Print Copy of Lab Print Copy of Lab NaI(aq) NO 3 1– Pb 2+ NO 3 1– in solution Na 1+ I 1–

18. Mix them and get… Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) + 2 Na 1+ (aq) + 2 I 1– (aq) PbI 2 (s) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) + 2 Na 1+ (aq) Pb 2+ (aq) + 2 I 1– (aq) PbI 2 (s) Pb(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + 2 NaI(aq) PbI 2 (s) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) + 2 Na 1+ (aq) Balance to get overall ionic equation… Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation… Solubility Chart solid in solution Pb 2+ NO 3 1– Na 1+ I 1– NO 3 1– Na 1+ I 1– Pb 2+ NO 3 1– Na 1+ I 1– NO 3 1– Na 1+ I 1– PbI 2 + NaNO 3 (s) (aq)

19. Ba 2+ OH 1– NO 3 1– Mix together Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) and Ba(OH) 2 (aq): Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq)Ba 2+ (aq) + 2 OH 1– (aq) Ba(OH) 2 (aq)Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) Balance to get overall ionic equation… Zn 2+ Zn(NO 3 ) 2 (aq) + Ba(OH) 2 (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) + Ba 2+ (aq) Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) + Ba 2+ (aq) + 2OH 1– (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) + 2 NO 3 1– (aq) + Ba 2+ (aq) Mix them and get… Zn 2+ (aq) + 2 OH 1– (aq) Zn(OH) 2 (s) Cancel spectator ions to get net ionic equation… Solubility Chart Ba(NO 3 ) 2 and Zn(OH) 2 (aq) (ppt)

20. (NH 4 ) 3 PO 4 + Mg(OH) 2  Mg 3 (PO 4 ) 2 NH 4 OH ? ammonium phosphate magnesium hydroxide magnesium phosphate ammonium hydroxide NH 4 1+ OH 1- + 6 23 Now you try… AlCl 3 + Li 2 CO 3  Al 2 (CO 3 ) 3 + LiCl 3 2 6

21. Al 2 (SO 4 ) 3 (aq) + 6 NH 4 OH(aq)  2 Al(OH) 3 + 3 (NH 4 ) 2 SO 4 2 Al 3+ (aq) + 3 SO 4 2- (aq) + 6 NH 4 1+ (aq) + 6 OH 1- (aq)  2 Al(OH) 3 (ppt) + 6 NH 4 1+ (aq) + 3 SO 4 2- (aq) 2 Al 3+ (aq) + 6 OH 1- (aq)  2 Al(OH) 3 (ppt) Net Ionic Equation Identify the spectator ions and write a net ionic equation when an aqueous solution of aluminum sulfate is mixed with aqueous ammonium hydroxide. sulfate + hydroxide  aluminumammoniumaluminumammoniumaluminum hydroxideammonium sulfate+ Al 3+ SO 4 2- NH 4 1+ OH 1- Al 3+ SO 4 2- NH 4 1+ OH 1- (ppt)(aq) “spectator ions”

22. Ions In Solution Lab Keys Ions in Solution http://www.unit5.org/chemistry/Equations.html

23. Meaning of Coefficients 2 Na + Cl 2 2 NaCl 2 g sodium1 g chlorine2 g sodium chloride + = 2 mol sodium1 mol chlorine2 mol sodium chloride (2 mol Na) x (23 g/mol) (1 mol Cl 2 ) x (71 g/mol) (2 mol NaCl) x (58.5 g/mol) 46 g71 g 117 g 2 atoms Na1 molecule Cl 2 2 molecules NaCl

24. Classes of Reactions Chemical reactions Precipitation reactions Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combustion Reactions

25. Summary of Classes of Reactions Chemical reactions Precipitation reactions Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combustion Reactions Decomposition reactions (Products are elements.) Synthesis reactions (Reactants are elements.)

26. Summary of Classes of Reactions Chemical reactions Precipitation reactions Acid-Base Reactions Oxidation-Reduction Reactions Combustion Reactions Decomposition reactions Synthesis reactions

27. IONIC BONDING: Formation of Magnesium Chloride MgMg 2+ Cl Loses 2e- Each gains 1e- One magnesium ion Two chloride ions Mg 2+ Cl 1- [(2+) 2 (1-) = 0] MgCl 2 magnesium chloride

28. Mg 2+ IONIC BONDING: Formation of Magnesium Chloride MgMg 2+ Cl Loses 2e- Each gains 1e- One magnesium ion Two chloride ions Mg 2+ Cl 1- [(2+) 2 (1-) = 0] MgCl 2 magnesium chloride

29. Production of Methanol

30. A Mixture of Molecules

31. KEYS – Chemical Equations and Reactions (general) Outline (general) Outline Worksheet - vocabulary WorksheetWorksheet – Balancing Chemical Equations Worksheet Lab – Ions in Solution Ions in SolutionIons in Solution WorksheetWorksheet – Chemical Word Equations Worksheet Worksheet – Quantitative Relationships in Chem. Eqns. Worksheet Worksheet – Chemical Equations (paragraph) Worksheet Worksheet – Real Life Chemistry Worksheet Worksheet – Balancing Equations (visual) Worksheet Worksheet - TextbookTextbook - questions questions Textbookquestions

32. Resources - Chemical Equations and Reactions Worksheet - vocabulary vocabulary Worksheet – Balancing Chemical Equations Balancing Chemical EquationsBalancing Chemical Equations Lab – Ions in Solution Ions in SolutionIons in Solution Worksheet – Chemical Word Equations Chemical Word EquationsChemical Word Equations Worksheet – Quantitative Relationships in Chem. Eqns. Quantitative Relationships in Chem. Eqns.Quantitative Relationships in Chem. Eqns. Worksheet – Chemical Equations (paragraph) Chemical Equations (paragraph)Chemical Equations (paragraph) Worksheet – Real Life Chemistry Real Life ChemistryReal Life Chemistry Worksheet – Balancing Equations (visual) Balancing Equations Balancing Equations Worksheet - (general) Outline (general)general Outlinegeneral TextbookTextbook - questions Textbook