1. MACHINE TRANSLATION TRANSLATION(5) LECTURE[1-1] Eman Baghlaf

2. WHAT IS MACHINE TRANSLATION ? Machine translation (MT): The standard name for computerized systems responsible for the production of translations from one natural language into another, with or without human assistance. Earlier names such as “mechanical translation” and “automatic translation ” are now rarely used in English; but their equivalents in other languages are still common like in French and Russian languages.

3. The term does not include computer-based translation tools which support translators by providing access to dictionaries and remote terminology databases, facilitating the transmission and reception of machine-readable texts or interacting with word processing, text editing or printing equipment. It does, however, include systems in which translators or other users assist computers in the production or translations, including various combinations of text preparation, on-line interactions and subsequent revisions of output.

4.  The output of most MT systems is revised (post- edited). In this respect, MT output is treated no differently than the output of most human translators which is normally revised by another translator. However, the types of errors produced by MT systems do differ from those of human translators.  While post-editing is the norm, there are certain circumstances when MT output maybe left unedited(as a raw translation)or only lightly corrected. Output may also server as a rough draft for human translators, as a pre-translation.

5. Computerized Approaches Machine Translation (MT) Machine-Aided Human Translation (MAHT) Human-Aided Machine Translation (HAMT)

6. Types of computerized approaches: Machine Translation (MT) Any system that actually performs a translation. Machine-Aided Human Translation (MAHT) They are systems which perform the task of translation but rely on the intervention of human translator at various stages in the translation process. Human-Aided Machine Translation (HAMT) Systems such as word processors, dictionary management tools, TERM BANKS, and various look-up facilities which support the translator but do not actually perform the translation task.

7. HISTORY OF MT Although the idea of mechanized translation via an intermediate universal language has been around since the seventeenth century. The first concrete proposal for a translation machine can be dated precisely by the simultaneous,but unconnected issue of patents in 1933 to the Russian Petr Smirnov-Troyanskii and to the Armenian Frenchman Georges Artsrouni.

8. THE AIMS OF MT  The programs can produce raw translations of texts in relatively well-defined subject domains, which can be revised to give good –quality translated texts at an economically viable rate or which in their unedited state can be read and understood by specialists in the subject for information purposes. In some cases, with appropriate controls on the language of the input texts, translations can be produced automatically that are of higher quality needing little or no revision.

9.  Researchers and developers of MT systems can ultimately aspire only to producing translations which are useful in particular situations.  MT is part of a wider sphere of pure research in computer-based natural language processing in computational linguistics and artificial intelligence which explore the basic mechanisms of language and mind by modelling and simulation in computer programs.

10.  Research on MT is related to these efforts, adopting and applying both theoretical perspectives and operational techniques to translation processes, and in turn offering insights and solutions from its particular problems.

11. Classification of MT according to different languages: 1-Bilingual systems They are designed for one particular pair of translation 2-Multilingual systems They are for more than two languages Classification of MT according to directions: Uni-directional systems In one direction only Bi-directional In both directions

12. MT ACCORDING TO ITS USERS Reader- oriented MT Writer- oriented MT

13. Classification of machine translation according to its users A.Reader-oriented MT The term is used by Sager(1994) to refer to the speedy production of TL version of a text by means of machine translation in order to inform TL reader of the content of SL. The result of such a procedure is raw output or in other words artificial product which may require more reading and effort than a human translation because it has not been post- edited. *TL: target language / SL: source language

14. It has the advantage of being available quickly more than a polished version, and can be relied on to contain relatively small number of lexical and terminological mistakes. Sager points out that such translation develop the ability to read the artificial machine-produced language which they typically have a high degree of fluency. An example of that is the system SYSTRAN, which is used by the US air Force to help survey scientific and technical literature.

15. B.Writer –oriented MT It involves a writer in pre-editing process in which the machine asks questions about elements which the machine cannot analyze (for example because they are not included in its grammar or dictionaries). The main advantage of this procedure is that the writer’s original intention will be translated by the machine, rather than translator’s interpretation of what the writer wished to communicate.