1. Road Maintenance Training of Trainer Personnel on Environmentally Sound Design and Implementation of Public Works- Community Roads of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP)

2. Three Enemies of Roads 1.Water – rain 2.Water – groundwater 3.Water – surface runoff, streams Streams must be managed to safely cross roads (culverts, fords, bridges, etc.)

3. Types of Roads Cultural: for foot and animal traffic Intermediate means of transport (IMT): unpaved roads for low numbers of vehicles High tech: paved roads

4. Negative Aspects of Improved Roads Increased accidents as vehicles travel faster Accidents involving pedestrians and animals Accidents caused by poor human judgment (drivers and pedestrians), not roads Ethiopia has 2 nd highest rate of road accidents per vehicle I the world

5. Causes of Accidents Behavior of drivers, pedestrians, and animals Condition of vehicles Road conditions Lack of enforcement of driving regulations

6. Maintenance Purposes and Causes of Road Deterioration 1.It prolongs the road life and postpones the day when renewal is required. 2.It reduces the cost of operating vehicles and intermediate means of transport (IMT) 3.It helps to keep roads open and enables greater regularity, punctuality and safety of road transport services.

7. The money and efforts of the community spent on the construction of roads, tracks and footpaths are often wasted because of: 1.Insufficient funds for maintenance 2.Shortage of skilled and experienced staff 3.Poor allocation of available resources 4.Inadequate management

8. Road Funding Insuffieient funding for roads at federal, regional, municipal, and woreda levels Source of funds – Road fund administration – Fuel levies going to road fund. Approximately 7% of fuel cost) Poor allocation of road funds – Federal roads (65-75%), regional roads (20-25%), municipalities (7-10%), woredas (0%)

9. Shortage of Skilled and Experienced Staff This is why we are here Shortages exist at all levels Turnover of skilled and experienced staff high because leave for private sector (consulting firms)

10. Poor Use of Available Resources We do not do sufficient research & evaluation on road construction and maintenance to identify & implement improved construction and maintenance methods Resources for road construction/maintenance (4Ms) – Manpower – Money – Machinery and equipment – Materials

11. Inadequate Management Lack of planning Poor allocation of resources Poor training of managers Lack of accountability for managers Poor management hierarchy Effective management requires: – Good planning – Good implementation – Reporting of results

12. Main Causes of Road Deterioration rainfall steep gradients flat gradients traffic poor construction vegetation lack of timely maintenance dumping of loads on road overloading

13. Overloading

14. ILO LBRC Video Maintenance

15. Questions or comments from trainees or other trainers?

16. Training of Trainer Personnel on Environmentally Sound Design and Implementation of Public Works- Community Roads of the Productive Safety Net Program (PSNP) June 13-24, 2011 Ghion Ambassel Hotel Dessé, Ethiopia