1. MRS. HANSON, 5 TH GRADE SCIENCE LINCOLN ELEMENTARY

3. Astronomy is the study of the night sky, planets, moons, stars and galaxies. Astronomy is the most ancient of science. It started at least 5,000 years ago. Astronomers use telescopes to study objects that are to faint and small to be seen. The brightest “stars” in the night sky are actually the planets Jupiter, Venus and Mars. The pattern of stars in the sky seem to rotate through the night sky as the Earth spins (rotates). It takes 23 hours and 56 minutes for the star patterns to return to the same place in the sky. About 2,000 stars can be seen with the naked eye. Different patterns of stars are seen in the Northern Hemisphere and the Southern Hemisphere.

4. A telescope is a tool that magnifies distant objects so they appear larger and closer. Galileo was a scientist that was the first person to use a telescope to look at the night sky. Telescopes got stronger and astronomers could see more details on the planets. Scientists used pictures taken through telescopes to plan the first moon landing in 1969. They put telescopes in observatories. Observatory – A building that protects telescopes found on mountain peaks above dust and pollution. In 1990, NASA put into orbit a special telescope called Hubble Space Telescope. It takes pictures of planets and other objects in the solar system.

5. Stars are a huge sphere of hydrogen and helium that radiates heat and light. The Sun is a star. The heart of a star reaches 28 million degrees Fahrenheit. A grain of sand this hot could kill someone 90 miles away. The gas of stars is in a special hot state called plasma, which is made of atoms stripped of electrons. Stars twinkle because they are seen through the Earth’s atmosphere. Astronomers is a scientist who studies objects in the universe including stars, planets, and moons. The coolest stars glow reddish (Arcturus), hotter stars are yellow and white. The hottest are blue-white. (Rigel) Rigel A telescopic view of Arcturus which is the fourth brightest star in the night sky COLOR OF STARS VIDEO - HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=IURFMD8XDE0HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=IURFMD8XDE0

6. 1.Clumps of gas in a nebula start to shrink into tight balls that will become stars. 2.The gas spirals as it is pulled inward. Any leftover gas and dust may form planets around the new star. Life Cycle of Star -https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=mzE7VZMT1z8 3. Deep in its center, the new star starts making energy, but it is still hidden by the cloud of gas. 4. The dust and gas are blown away and the shinning star can be seen.

7. Most stars (about 90%) are Main Sequence Stars. The hotter they are, the brighter they are. The sun is a main sequence star. Dwarf stars are relatively small stars, up to 20 times larger than our sun and up to 20,000 times brighter. Yellow dwarfs are small, main sequence stars. The Sun is a yellow dwarf. A red dwarf is a small, cool, very faint, main sequence star whose surface temperature is under about 4,000 K. Red dwarfs are the most common type of star.

8. Giant stars have burned all their hydrogen, and so they burn helium, joining helium atoms to make carbon. Supergiant stars eventually collapse and explode as supernovas and become black holes. A supergiant is the largest known type of star; some are almost as large as our entire solar system. These stars are rare. A blue giant is a huge, very hot, blue star. It is a post-main sequence star that burns helium A red giant is a relatively old star whose diameter is about 100 times bigger than it was originally, and had become cooler. They are frequently red/orange in color. Our sun will eventually become a red giant! Stars spend approximately a few thousand to 1 billion years as a red giant. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Bcz4vGvoxQA

9. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=yPg2toWfHAU In approximately 5 billion years, the sun will begin the helium-burning process, turning into a red giant star. When it expands, its outer layers will consume Mercury and Venus, and reach Earth. The changing sun may provide hope to other planets. (Mars) When stars morph into red giants, they change the habitable zones of their system. The habitable zone is the region where liquid water can exist. Because a star remains a red giant for approximately a billion years, it may be possible for life to arise on bodies in the outer solar system, which will be closer to the sun.

10. Galaxies - Giant groups of trillions of stars are called galaxies. Types of galaxies: Spiral Galaxies are spinning with a dense core and spiraling arms. They rotate with the dust and gas which helps form new stars. Irregular galaxies have no shape. They have formed from the debris of galaxies that crashed into each other. Elliptical galaxies are old, egg-shaped galaxies. They have mostly long-lived red stars. GALAXIES- HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=QAOCQCQGKEE&LIST=PL39_UD5AKSVKL_WJ5BIKRVANCII UPL3VS&INDEX=20 HTTPS://WWW.YOUTUBE.COM/WATCH?V=QAOCQCQGKEE&LIST=PL39_UD5AKSVKL_WJ5BIKRVANCII UPL3VS&INDEX=20

11. Milky Way – One of the billions of galaxies that make up the universe. The sun is one of the billions of stars in the Milky Way. The Milky Way is a large spiral galaxy. The Sun and its planets (including Earth) lie in this quiet part of the galaxy, about half way out from the center. The Milky Way rotates once every 200 million years. It is made up of stars, dust and gas. The sun takes 200 million years to travel around the Milky Way. The sun is just one of the billions of stars on one arm of the spiral.

12. Constellations - A pattern or group of stars in the sky that humans observe in a pattern and give a name. People of ancient time saw the constellations as character or animals in the sky. They made up stories to explain how the object, animal, or character came into the night sky Earth rotates on its axis, this makes most constellations appear to rise in the east and set in the west during the night.. Most constellations appear in many different positions in the sky as the Earth revolves around the sun. https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=QXeEAQtC75g

13. Zodiac - constellations that resemble 12 shapes called the signs of the Zodiac. The sun appears to pass in front of during the year as the Earth orbits the sun. The ancient Greeks divided the zodiac into 12 parts, names after the constellations they saw in each part. Called signs of the zodiac. The 12 constellations of the zodiac are Capricorn, Aquarius, Pisces, Aries, Taurus, Gemini, Cancer, Leo, Virgo, Libra, Scorpio, and Sagittarius. http://amazing-space.stsci.edu/tonights_sky/

14. Planetarium - A theater with a dome-shaped ceiling that represents the sky. Planets, stars and galaxies can be protected. There is a projector in the middle of the room. The projector shines points of light all over the dome. The points are the same positions as the stars in the sky. The projected stars make it seem like you are outside watching the stars.