1. Existing and Emerging Business Simulation-Game Design Movements Jeremy J. S. B. Hall

2. Simulation Movements2 Simulations as an art form This paper explores the artistic characteristics of business simulations. And the parallels with Fine Art. From this it defines, explores and critiques several business simulation design movements.

3. Simulation Movements3 Simulation as an Art Form “Making models, mathematical or otherwise, of complex systems is an art with a small amount of science to guide one.” Bellman, et al 1957 “In the main simulations are a representational art form devoted to the emulation of real experience” Hall, 2008

4. Simulation Movements4 Fine Art Movements The design of paintings and architecture are separated into movements that describe: –for paintings – the degree of reality –for architecture – the degree of functionalism –for both – aesthetic engagement And these are paralleled for business simulations

5. Simulation Movements5 From Realism through Impressionism and Expressionism to Surrealism Realism

6. Simulation Movements6 Functionalism - Learning Architectural Functionalism Form follows Function Sullivan Meaning lies in use Wittgenstein Simulation Functionalism Purpose, Process & Support

7. Simulation Movements7 Aesthetics - Engagement Fine Art From “emphasis on reason and rational” (Neo-Classicism) To “valued human emotions” (Romanticism) Little, 2004 Simulations From unadorned content to fun!

8. Simulation Movements8 Simulation Movement Space Real Surreal Content Fun Learning

9. Simulation Movements9 Simulation-Game Movements The Real-World Movement The Small Simulation Movement The Serious Game Movement The Corporate Cartoon Movement

10. Simulation Movements10 The Real World Movement Business Simulations Ideally “100% realistic copy” Chiesel (1979) Valid “complex and realistic” Miller & Leroux-Demers (1992) Objective “realistic as possible” Decker et al (1987) Future “become increasingly realistic” Aldrich 2004 Paralleled by several painting movements Naturalism (15 th Century) Realism (19 th Century) Superrealism (20 th Century)

11. Simulation Movements11 Motivation & Aesthetics For paintings “realism is seen as intrinsically motivating” Raybourn (1997) For simulations “complex games force players to make interesting and important decisions” Prensky (2005) Arguably “l’art pour l’art” Cousin (1836) Where “a simulation’s purpose can well be the last consideration in its development rather than the first” Thavikulwat (2004)

12. Simulation Movements12 Emergent Movements Small Simulation Movement Parallels architecture’s minimalism movement. -“less is more” van der Rohe (quoted in Glancy, 2000) And painting’s miniatures. Serious Games Movement Parallels expressionism (painting) and postmodernism (architecture). Corporate Cartooning Movement Parallels impressionism (painting) and functionalism (architecture).

13. Simulation Movements13 Artistic Criticism Real World Movement Hunter-Gatherer Movement Because they often involve Hunting for a situation to model and gathering information about it!

14. Simulation Movements14 Reality is Complex You sent mother an aerial photo not a road map to the new cave! I thought she would be flying

15. Simulation Movements15 Mammoth Design Task MRS BEETON’S Roast Mammoth First catch your Mammoth Cooking Time: One Month per Ton 1 and 20 minutes over. Serve with freshly gathered vegetables 1 Equates to 20 minutes per pound.

16. Simulation Movements16 Long Durations

17. Simulation Movements17 Small Simulations You know we have a large dinner party and you catch a small foal May not provide enough challenge and learning. Unless multiple simulations are run But it is only the Horse D’oeuvre

18. Simulation Movements18 Serious Games Fun and clever graphics may be at the expense of learning What makes seeing pink Mammoths fun?

19. Simulation Movements19 Corporate Cartoons Mother-in-laws are not all carnivores. How many times have I told you mother is a VEGETARIAN. Stylisation and simplification may lead to problems

20. Simulation Movements20 Fine Art/Simulations Simulation MovementsFine Art Movements Real-WorldRealism ( mid to late 19 th Century ) Small SimulationsArchitectural Minimalism Serious GamesExpressionism ( 1905 – 1920 ) Corporate CartoonsImpressionism/Functionalism ( 1860 – 1900 )

21. Simulation Movements21 Summary Real World Mew! Small SimulationsSerious Games Catnip mouse Corporate Cartoons

22. Simulation Movements22 Jeremy J. S. B. Hall jeremyhall@corporatecartoonist.com