1. Video 6.1
Q=mcΔT

2. Table I Exothermic reactions release heat and have negative values.
Example: When Carbon and Oxygen react they release 393.5kJ of heat per mole reacted.
Endothermic reactions absorb heat and have positive values.
Example: When Nitrogen and Oxygen react they absorb 182.6kJ of heat per mole.

3. Table I examples When C2H4 is formed, is heat released or absorbed?
Table I: 2C + 2H2  C2H4 ΔH=52.4kJ
When 2 moles of CH4 burn in oxygen, how much heat is released?
Table I: CH4 + 2O2  CO2 + H2O ΔH=-890.4kJ
2CH4 2(-890.4) = KJ

4. Table I examples
Reactions that release the most energy are the most stable. Which reaction becomes the most stable?
4Al + 3O2  2Al2O3 ΔH=-3351kJ
Where did these values come from?

5. Calculating Heat of reactions
q is the symbol for heat.
If q is positive, the heat is endo.
If q is negative, the heat is exo.
q is measure in Joules, (J) or kilojoules (kJ).
The heat of a reaction is based on:
the mass of the substance
the temperature change it undergoes
specific heat.

6. Specific Heat
Specific heat is the heat needed to raise the temperature of one gram of a substance one degree Celsius.

7. To calculate heat:
q = mcΔT 1. The temperature of 95.4g of copper increases from 25 to 48C and absorbed 849J. Calculate copper’s specific heat.
849= (95.4) (x) (48-25)
Q = J/gC

8. q = mcΔT
2. How much heat is needed to raise the temperature of 100g of water 50C?
Q = (100) (4.18) (50)
Q = 20900J or KJ

9. q = mcΔT
3. If 600J are needed to heat 50g of water to 100C, what is the initial temperature?
600 = (50) (4.18) (x)
X = 2.87
97.13C

10. Review Gases, Liquids, and Solids With Phase Change Diagrams
Video 6.2
Review Gases, Liquids, and Solids
With Phase Change Diagrams

11. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
KMT describes perfect gases:
Gases move in constant, random, straight-line paths.
Gases are separated by large distances, much larger than their particle size. Therefore, gases volume is negligible. And gases are easily compressed.
Gases do not have attractive or repulsive forces between molecules.
Collisions between molecules can transfer energy but the total energy of the system is constant. This is called an elastic system.

12. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
In summary, Perfect gases:
Have no mass
Have no volume
Have no intermolecular forces

13. Kinetic Molecular Theory of Gases
But we don’t have perfect gases. How do real gases deviate from ideal gases?
They have a volume, mass and small IMF under high pressure and low temperature.
So, a real gas must be hot and under low pressure to behave like an ideal gas.

14. Pressure
Gases exert a pressure on surrounding substances because they are constantly moving and colliding with other surfaces.
Only in a vacuum, where there are no molecules, there is no pressure.
Gas pressure can be measured in atmospheres or kilopascals, according to reference table A.

15. Liquids No definite shape Definite volume Constant motion
No arrangement
Molecules are closer together than a gas

16. Solids Definite shape Definite volume Constant vibration
Molecules are packed tightly in a geometric (crystalline) pattern

17. Phase Changes
Identify the phase change and if it’s endothermic or exothermic:
Evaporation
Condensation
Melting
Freezing
Sublimation
Deposition
Liquid to gas endothermic
Gas to liquid exothermic
Solid to liquid endothermic
Liquid to solid exothermic
Solid to gas endothermic
gas to solid exothermic

18. Thermochemistry
The study of energy changes that occur in chemical reactions.
Kinetic energy refers to energy of motion. (Temperature)
Potential Energy refers to stored energy.

19. Phase Change Diagrams

20. Cooling Curve A C B E D F

21. Video 6.3
q=mHf q=mHv

22. When can you use q=mcΔT?
Only on the solid, liquid and gas only lines. (Where the temperature changes)
So, what equations do we use if the temperature is not changing?

23. Two more equations from Table T
Heat of vaporization: heat needed to change a substance from gas to liquid or liquid to gas.
q=mHv
Heat of fusion: heat needed to change a substance from solid to liquid or liquid to solid.
q=mHf
If the IMF is strong, the heats of vaporization and fusion is high.

24. Q=mHv Calculate the number of joules needed to vaporize 423g of H2O.
955, 980J or KJ

25. Q=mHf
How much heat is needed to melt ice at 0C if the sample weighs 255g?
Q = (255) (334)
85,170J or KJ

26. For class

27. Measuring heat in the lab
You can measure the heat of physical and chemical changes in a calorimeter. The calorimeter acts like a styrofoam cup, it insulates the reaction (doesn’t let the overall heat change).

28. Measuring heat in the lab
The heat released by the reaction equals the heat absorbed by the water.
You will measure the change in heat of the water using q=mcΔT.

29. Measuring heat in the lab
You will use a calorimeter more like this.
You must make sure you always stir the solution to make the heat equal throughout the cup.

30. A student places a 68. 4g piece of metal at 99
A student places a 68.4g piece of metal at 99.5C in a calorimeter filled with 103g of water at 25.2C. The temperature changes to 27.6C.
In terms of the metal, is the reaction endothermic or exothermic?
Calculate the heat absorbed by the water.
Calculate the heat released by the metal.
Calculate the specific heat of the metal.
Using the following specific heats, determine the identity of the metal and calculate the % error.
Aluminum: J/gC
Copper: J/gC
Gold: J/gC