1. B9902001 尤思涵

2. Dopamine and Serotonin Dopamine 4-(2-aminoethyl)benzene-1,2-diol 5-Hydroxytryptamine or 3-(2-aminoethyl)-1H-indol-5-ol Serotonin

3. Dopamine → brain (1)Neurotransmitter Receptors: 1.D1 family (D1, D5 receptors) 2.D2 family (D2, D3, D4 receptors) Three way of dopamine 1.The nigrostriatal pathway ： motor planning, movement, cognition 2.The mesocortical pathway ： working memory 3.The mesolimbic pathway ： motivation, experience of pleasure, reward. (2)Neurohormonel ： inhibit the release of prolactin Location and Funtion

4. Serotonin →gastrointestinal tract (1)enterochromaffin cells in the gut intestinal movements (2)serotonergic neurons in the CNS mood, appetite, sleep, muscle contraction, memory, learning (3)blood Vasoconstrictor, hemostasis, blood clotting. (4)some types of cells growth factor Location and Funtion

5. Conditions & Treatment Dopamine low dopamine → Parkinson‘s disease, social phobia, ADHD, depression high dopamine → Bipolar mania reduce dopamine →Antipsychotic medications increase dopamine →levodopa (Parkinson's Disease), amphetamines (used for ADHD) some antidepressants.

6. Serotonin low serotonin →depression, anxiety disorders, obesity, migraines, SIDS high serotonin → Serotonin syndrome, migraines, gastrointestinal problems, certain types of cardiovascular increase serotonin → antidepressants, anti-migraine medications. decrease serotonin → anti-nausea medications, including odansetron Conditions & Treatment

7. Dopamine-producing neurons are targets for nearby serotonin ： Substantial Interaction dopamine release in the dorsal striatum area of the midbrain serotonin 2C receptor activation EX. Chronic treatment with serotonin antidepressants serotonin 1A receptor activation stimulate dopamine release in the prefrontal cortex and in the midbrain inhibit mesocortical pathway mesolimbicpathway

8. Mood Dopamine plays a central role in the brain’s reward system, which includes inducing feelings of pleasure and positive mood states. Serotonin is a well-known contributor to feelings of well- being.Modulation of serotonin at synapses is thought to be a major action of several classes of pharmacological antidepressants.

9. Sleep The majority of evidence supports involvement of serotonin and dopamine in the mood improving effects of sleep deprivation. Serotonin Total sleep deprivation increases the firing rate of serotonin neurons in different brain regions in cats and in rats. Enhanced serotonin activity →sleep deprivation Dopamine Decreases in brain dopamine receptor levels can induce depression, sleep is thought to be accompanied by a reduction of dopamine release. Sleep deprivation would help to prevent dopamine from reaching low levels. cognitive performance and sleep

10. Attention Dopamine The excess dopamine causes restlessness and hyperactivity, behaviors that are strikingly similar to those exhibited by children with ADHD. Serotonin The scientists administered Prozac®-a well-known inhibitor of serotonin reuptake-to the knockout mice. After ingesting Prozac®, the knockout mice showed dramatic declines in hyperactivity. Hyperactivity may develop when the relationship between dopamine and serotonin is thrown off balance.

11. Learning Dopamine (DA)-serotonin interactions dealing with learning and memory functions have been apparent. increased serotonin →detrimental effect on cognitive functions strong DA →facilitative effect on cognitive functions pharmacological disruption of serotonin neurotransmission results in a facilitative effect on the processing of mnemonic information by cerebral regions under strong, functional DA modulation These effects seem to occur through the interaction of different pre- and postsynaptic DA and serotonin receptor subtypes acting as opposite systems underlying cognitive abilities.