1. Monday, 2/9/15 Copy down HW Get out PBT worksheet to turn in
Drill: Based on the following quote, what do you think rhetoric is? Make sure you explain what you think Plato means.
“Rhetoric is the art of enchanting the soul.” ~Plato

2. Rhetoric
Rhetoric: The art of speaking or writing effectively as a means of communication or persuasion
Plato:  “Rhetoric is the art of enchanting the soul.”
Aristotle: Rhetoric is "the faculty of discovering in any particular case all of the available means of persuasion."

3. Why Study Rhetoric?
Using rhetoric will make your arguments (written and verbal) stronger
You will be able to analyze any argument that is presented to you (advertisements, politicians, essays etc.) for rhetorical strategies used- see how their rhetorical strategies makes their argument stronger
Rhetoric is very powerful- people can sometimes gain power simply by how good of an orator (public speaker) they are. You need to be able to think for yourself- not be persuaded by strong rhetoric. You need to be able to look past rhetoric in some situations.

4. Rhetoric
Whenever you see an argument (written or verbal) or see an advertisement or commercial, you must ask yourself:
Is this persuasive? What are they trying to get me to do or think?
Commercials are probably the most common use of rhetoric and persuasion

5. Rhetorical Appeals
In addition to using rhetorical devices, someone can use 3 different “appeals” to their audience
What does “appeal” mean?

6. Appeals
Appeal to:
Ethos
Logos
Pathos

7. Appeal to Logos This is when you appeal to a reader’s sense of logic.
You offer clear, reasonable premises and proofs, and develop ideas with appropriate details
You rely on the audience’s intelligence to persuade them
Logos= Logic

9. Appeal to Ethos
You appeal to the audience’s ethos when you demonstrate that you are credible, good-willed, and knowledgeable about your subjects
Ethos relies on a speaker’s credibility with an audience- we want to listen to them because they are authoritative, popular, successful, smart etc.
Ethos= ethics or trustworthiness of the speaker

11. Appeal to Pathos
When you draw on the emotions and feelings of readers, you are appealing to pathos
Most powerful and immediate appeal
Very dominant in advertisements
Pathos= Emotion, sympathy, or empathy

13. What appeal is being used?

14. Rhetorical Devices- techniques for persuasion
Allusion
Analogy
Anecdote
Negative Definition
Parallel Structure
Repetition
Rhetorical Question
Figurative Language
Bandwagon
Metonymy
Unusual Word Order
Climatic Word Order
Antithesis
Personalization

15. Allusion
Allusion: a reference to a person, place, or thing believed to be familiar to the audience
Why make an allusion to Greek gods and goddesses?

16. Analogy
Analogy: a comparison made between two things to show the similarities between them
Example: "Just as motor oil is important to the proper maintenance of your car's engine, XYZ vitamins are vital to your body's health."
Source:
commercial

17. Anecdote
Anecdote: a short story to help get your point across

18. Negative Definition
Negative Definition: when you explain what something is NOT instead of explaining what it IS
Mac computers are NOT for stodgy, old business men.
Why does that make
you want to buy a Mac?

19. Parallel Structure
Listing items in a series in the same format or using the same sentence structure over and over
This creates a rhythm and highlights the items you are listing by repeating the format over and over
This list of grievances sounds like continuous hammering (against the king) because of the parallel structure
He has refused his Assent to Laws, the most wholesome and necessary for the public good. He has forbidden his Governors to pass Laws of immediate and pressing importance…. He has refused to pass other Laws for the accommodation of large districts of people, …. He has called together legislative bodies at places unusual, uncomfortable, and distant from the depository of their public Records, for the sole purpose of fatiguing them into compliance with his measures. He has dissolved Representative Houses repeatedly…

20. Repetition
Repetition: Using the same word or phrase over and over again for emphasis
We shall go on to the end, we shall fight in France, we shall fight on the seas and oceans, we shall fight with growing confidence and growing strength in the air, we shall defend our Island, whatever the cost may be, we shall fight on the beaches, we shall fight on the landing grounds, we shall fight in the fields and in the streets, we shall fight in the hills; we shall never surrender.
Winston Churchill
Does the repetition of “we shall” make you want to join him and feel a part of the group?

21. Rhetorical Question
Rhetorical Question: A question you don’t actually want your audience to answer- you just want them to think about it
commercial
“And Ain’t I a Woman?”

22. Figurative Language
Figurative language is often used by writers to heighten the emotional connections readers make to the subject.
Emily Dickinson: “My life had stood—a loaded gun”
Provokes readers’ reactions of fear or dread as they begin to read.

23. Bandwagon
An attempt to strengthen an argument by convincing the audience that accepting the writer’s or speaker’s view will put them on the popular or apparently winning side

24. Metonymy
using a part to name the whole, or using the name of one thing for that of another associated with it
commercial
Example: Calling the king, “the throne” or “the crown;” referring to the President as “The White House”
What do you think the purpose of this is?

25. Unusual Word Order Writer deliberately inverts word order for emphasis
Example: President Kennedy- “Ask not what the country can do for you.”
It helps the phrase to stick in your mind and be memorable

26. Climatic Word Order
Organizing events, ideas, or something else in an order that starts out with least important parts of the story and ends in a "climax" – blood, sweat, and tears
Creates a feeling of intensity

27. Antithesis
Putting two directly contrasting or opposing things or ideas next to each other
“It was the best of times, it was the worst of times, it was the age of wisdom, it was the age of foolishness, it was the epoch of belief, it was the epoch of incredulity, it was the season of Light, it was the season of Darkness, it was the spring of hope, it was the winter of despair…”
Provides emphasis- highlights the difference

28. Personalization
The speaker personalizes the text by giving his/her examples that relate to their points

29. Which rhetorical device do you think can be the MOST persuasive. Why
Which rhetorical device do you think can be the MOST persuasive? Why? Explain.