1. PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Leslie Hendon, University of Alabama, Birmingham HUMAN ANATOMY fifth edition MARIEB | MALLATT | WILHELM 8 Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Bones, Part 1: The Appendicular Skeleton PART 1

2. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Appendicular Skeleton  Pectoral girdle  Attaches the upper limbs to the trunk  Pelvic girdle  Attaches the lower limbs to the trunk  Upper and lower limbs differ in function  Share the same structural plan

3. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral Girdle  Consists of the clavicle and the scapula  Pectoral girdles do not quite encircle the body completely  Medial end of each clavicle articulates with the manubrium and first rib  Laterally – the ends of the clavicles join the scapulae  Scapulae do not join each other or the axial skeleton

4. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Pectoral Girdle  Provides attachment for many muscles that move the upper limb  Girdle is very light and upper limbs are mobile  Only clavicle articulates with the axial skeleton  Socket of the shoulder joint (glenoid cavity) is shallow  Good for flexibility – bad for stability

5. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Articulated Pectoral Girdle Figure 8.1a PLAY Shoulder

6. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clavicles  Extend horizontally across the superior thorax  Sternal end articulates with the manubrium  Acromial end articulates with scapula

7. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Clavicles Figure 8.1b, c

8. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings PLAY Shoulder Clavicles  Provide attachment for muscles  Hold the scapulae and arms laterally  Transmit compression forces from the upper limbs to the axial skeleton

9. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Scapulae  Lie on the dorsal surface of the rib cage  Located between ribs 2 – 7  Have three borders  Superior  Medial (vertebral)  Lateral (axillary)  Have three angles  Lateral, superior, and inferior

10. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2a

11. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2b

12. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Scapula Figure 8.2c

13. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings The Upper Limb  30 bones form each upper limb  Grouped into bones of the  Arm  Forearm  Hand

14. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arm  Region of the upper limb between the shoulder and elbow  Humerus  The only bone of the arm  Longest and strongest bone of the upper limb  Articulates with the scapula at the shoulder  Articulates with the radius and ulna at the elbow

15. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Arm  Humerus  Many structures of the humerus provide sites for muscle attachment  Other structures of the humerus provide articulation sites for other bones

16. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Structures of the Humerus of the Right Arm Figure 8.3a, b

17. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forearm  Formed from the radius and ulna  Proximal ends articulate with the humerus  Distal ends articulate with carpals PLAY Elbow

18. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Forearm  Radius and ulna articulate with each other  At the proximal and distal radioulnar joints  The interosseous membrane  Interconnects radius and ulna  In anatomical position  The radius is lateral and the ulna is medial

19. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Details of Arm and Forearm Figure 8.5a

20. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Ulna  Main bone responsible for forming the elbow joint with the humerus  Hinge joint allows forearm to bend on arm  Distal end is separated from carpals by fibrocartilage  Plays little to no role in hand movement

21. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Proximal Part of the Ulna Figure 8.5b

22. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radius and Ulna Figure 8.4a, b

23. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Radius  Superior surface of the head of the radius articulates with the capitulum  Medially – the head of the radius articulates with the radial notch of the ulna  Contributes heavily to the wrist joint  Distal radius articulates with carpal bones  When radius moves, the hand moves with it

24. Copyright © 2008 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Distal Ends of the Radius and Ulna Figure 8.5c